Controlling Free-Ranging Kangaroo Populations in Australia with Hormonal Birth Control Implants - Free Essay Example

Marsupials are mammals that are defined by birthing their young prematurely and nurturing their offspring for the remainder of their developmental stage in a pouch covering the nipples (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018). The most notable marsupials that come to mind may be the kangaroo, wallaby, wombat, or koala, all of which are endemic to Australias mainland and its neighboring islands, as are the majority of the worlds marsupials (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018). While these animals may be unique and adorable to some, many species have become so abundant in regions of Australia that are heavily populated and urbanized by humans that they are widely considered a pest species. For instance, as of 2016, the kangaroo population in Australia had surpassed 44 million, a value double that of the human population (Beech et al., 2018). Of all of the kangaroo species an Australian passerby might observe on a daily basis, the eastern grey kangaroo, or Macropus giganteus, is the most common (Figure 1). Eastern grey kangaroos are endemic to the south and east coasts of Australiathe same regions most heavily populated by humans (Wilson Coulson, 2016). Overpopulation of kangaroos in urban settings increases the risk of human-animal interactions resulting in injury to one or both parties. The primary concern is for motorists colliding with the animals on highways and roads, but many residents are apprehensive about encountering kangaroos during low-impact activities such as nightly walks through their urban and suburban neighborhoods (Beech et al., 2018). To add to the anxiety, kangaroos cohabitate with one another and roam in large, interactive groups called mobs. That being said, their group behavior increases the probability that human encounters will involve more than one animal. Additionally, because kangaroos are grazing animals, they pose the risk of outcompeting livestock animals and other wildlife, as well as having negative effects on native vegetation (Descovich et al., 201 6). Until recent years, wildlife managers have relied solely on lethal methods to reduce urban and suburban kangaroo populations to more sustainable levels. While many marsupials are considered protected species throughout Australia, wildlife managers are legally responsible for culling, or slaughtering, a certain quota of kangaroos each year based on the various factors in their regions, (i.e. potential conflicts with competitive species or livestock, local human population density, whether the target kangaroo population after culling will be sustainable, conservation of symbiotic plant and animal species, etc.) (Descovich et al., 2016). With each annual culling animal welfare activists oppose the yearly practice with more intensity, despite the enforcement of various laws to ensure that kangaroos are being killed humanely, such as the fact that kangaroos must only be shot in the head during a cull (BBC, 2017). According to the Australian Department of the Environment and Energy, 1,632, 098 kangaroos were culled in 2015 in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia (BBC, 2017). The ethical pushback of kangaroo culling as a means to manage populations had led to the development of a nonlethal, ultra-humane method: a birth control implant for female kangaroos. Before elaborating on how the implants act as contraceptives, however, it is imperative to understand the reproductive cycle of kangaroos. Kangaroo mating and subsequent reproduction is highly dependent on narrow windows of opportunity afforded by very specific environmental conditions. Because much of Australia is so arid, males will only produce sperm and females will only be equipped to receive the sperm during periods of high precipitation that ensure the growth of enough vegetation to survive on (Burnie and Wilson, 2001). Favorable environmental conditions act as a signal to the female reproductive system to stimulate the beginning of the estrus cycle, or a period of sexual receptivity in which the female kangaroo can copulate with a male kangaroo (Swinbourne, 2017). The follicle housing the oocyte grows and secretes estrogen. Estrogen causes the walls of the uterus to thicken as cells proliferate rapidly. As the uterine lining grows, the various components of the vagina enlarge and conform to prepare for copulation (Norris Carr, 2013). Within a week of the onset of estrus, a spike in luteinizing hormone causes an oocyte to be released from an ovary, after which it will travel to the fallopian tubes (Swinbourne, 2017). When the conditions are right, male kangaroos will sniff the urine of receptive females for pheromones to detect whether the females are nearing ovulation, and the first male to make contact is typically the one to successfully conceive with the female (Ganslosser, 1995). Successful fertilization in the fallopian tubes leads to the implantation of the fertilized oocyte in the uterine lining (Hickford, 2010). The ruptured follicle that previously released the oocyte becomes the corpus luteum and, through progesterone secretion, initiates the luteal phase. During the luteal phase, substances are secreted by the lumen to provide nutrients to the growing embryo. This yolk sac is depleted just as quickly as the embryo develops and contributes to a hasty parturition. Parturition, or birth, is stimulated by an increase in relaxin, a hormone that softens and relaxes the cervix, and a decrease in progesterone (Norris Carr, 2013). Additionally, the prostaglandins mesotocin and oxytocin regulate the uterine contractions that deliver the premature fetus to the outside world (Renfree Shaw, 1996). At just one month old, without any hind limbs or eyes, the fetus must venture to the mothers pouch without any assistance and find a teat (Figure 2). The joey will finish developing in the pouch for the next eight to nine months, relying on two types of milk to advance its growth (Norris, 2013). Females nurturing a developing joey can immediately resume their estrus cycles and have the potential to be continuously pregnant. If environmental conditions become adverse and the mother must preserve her energy stores for the survival of herself and her developing joey, she can arrest gestation for up to 11 months by inhibiting the implantation of a growing embryo. This state of embryonic dormancy is known as diapause, and such conditions as low food availability, drought, or weaning a nearly full-term joey off of the mothers milk act as signals to initiate diapause (Renfree, 1993). The two contraceptive implants at the forefront of kangaroo fertility control are the deslorelin and levonorgestrel implants. Deslorelin is an agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and inhibits the production and secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. In this way, the follicle never develops to give way to the release of an oocyte (Herbert et al., 2010). The levonorgestrel implant prevents the surge of luteinizing hormone that typically stimulates ovulation (Herbert et al., 2010). A trial was conducted from 2003 to 2009, during which wildlife managers employed two separate measures to reduce fecundity in a population of eastern grey kangaroos that had free-range of a golf course in South East Queensland, Australia. In 2003, female kangaroos were tranquilized and implanted with the deslorelin contraceptive. In 2007, females were tranquilized and implanted with the deslorelin contraceptive and males were tranquilized and sterilized by vasectomy. The 2003 trial resulted in zero population growth, as did the 2007 trial that combined both female and male contraceptive treatment. The data represented in Figure 3 suggest that the deslorelin implant alone was able to reduce the population birth rate to nearly 0 from the time the trial was conducted until 2009, when the last census was taken (Tribe et al., 2014). This study supports the potential for the deslorelin implant to serve as a long-term contraceptive method for pest kangaroo populations in urban and suburban regions of Australia. Levonorgestrel, the alternative contraceptive implant, has proven to effectively reduce fecundity in kangaroos for a longer period of time than deslorelin. Researchers captured 65 adult female kangaroos that had free-range over a golf course in Victoria, Australia and implanted a third of the group with levonorgestrel, a third with deslorelin, and the rest of the kangaroos served as the control group. Reproductive success was tracked over a period of eight years. The control group experienced the lowest reproductive failure rates, the group treated with deslorelin experienced reproductive failure rates nearly four times greater than the control group, and the group treated with levonorgestrel experienced reproductive failure rates 74 times greater than the control group. Furthermore, while the deslorelin appeared to lose its effectiveness in the population after only three years, the levonorgestrel treatment continued to be effective for five years after implantation (Wilson Coulson , 2016). Considering all contraceptive treatment trials that have been conducted to date, both deslorelin and levonorgestrel are effective, inexpensive, and easily distributed solutions to control the skyrocketing populations of kangaroos in Australia. That being said, kangaroos that are treated with the deslorelin implant will need persistent follow up more frequently than those treated with levonorgestrel. Either way, hormonal contraception offers a more humane and sustainable solution to the method that is currently employed, (i.e. culling over a million kangaroos annually).

Policy Analysis Iii- Compare and Contrast Paper - 809 Words

Policy Analysis III- Compare and Contrast Paper Brandy Alston University of Phoenix Criminal Justice Management Theory and Practice CJA/464 Professor Leroy Hendrix October 10, 2013 Policy Analysis III- Compare and Contrast Paper The reason for policy analysis reflects around the assessment of policies from the government by critiquing the failures and successes. The United States implement several policies to deal with criminal activity and social issues, for instance The United States Human Trafficking Policy, this policy is not a successful one but this policy is steadily improving with sustainable reform. The criminal justice system practice the model of Packard’s Due Process, established with the promise†¦show more content†¦According to Siskin Wyler (2012), in additionally the United States Homeland Security, State, and Labor Department assembles a list of issues made up by banning the United States imports and child labor. The United States Justice (2001) defines human trafficking as focusing on the act coercing or compelling an individual to commercial sex, services or labor act. The coercing could be clear or restrained psychological or physical, but used in coercing an individual to perform commercial sex, services, or labor acts. These regulations are based on the United States Constitution XIII Amendment bans involuntary servitude and slavery, and the Civil Rights Division also enforces the regulation with law enforcement agencies and the United States Attorney offices. Stubborn to the misconceptions dealing with human trafficking acts does not demand any movement or smuggling the individual. While illegal immigrants are uncommonly liable for coercion for the fear of authority, trafficking shows the power to take advantage of other unprotected populations and grabs offensively documented individuals working in the United States and America citizens. 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Literature Review- Resistance to Change - 1391 Words

ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT Assignment 2 – Literature Review It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change. - Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) Term 2, 2013 Prepared By: Kien Khang LIEU Table of Contents Abstract Resistance to change is always an obstacle for organisation when they try to implementing change. But what is resistance†¦show more content†¦Therefore one could argue that resistance to change is not a response or action that aims directly at change but rather a failure of building a relationship between the management team and the team members of the organisation. Thus it is the management team responsible as well for the arising of resistance to change as it is an active participation of the process. A change is the process of changing the old way or usual way of doing thing and implements a new way or different path of doing thing and thus change could create fear of the unknown for the participants (Mintzberg Waters, 1985)6. In order to make change happen, it is important for both parties, the change recipient and change agent to actively seeking information, feedback, goal and objective of change. The key word here would be â€Å"Communication†. By being honest to the recipient, letting them known of the expectation from the change and the beneficial likeliness that change would bring to personal gain and to the organisation, this would encourage the participant to adopt change process (Kim Rousseau, 2006)7. Is cultural difference a source of resistance to change? Researchers have proved that there is a strong correlation between change success rate and cultural values/ belief (Kotter, 19958; Schein, 19929). 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Athenian Attitudes Toward The Authority Of State Through...

Athenian Attitudes Toward the Authority of State Through the Eyes of Plato and Sophocles The first evidence of democracy, government in which the citizens had a say in the rulings, was discovered in Ancient Athens. However, the direct democratic system seemed so successful that it overshadowed the Athenian’s views towards the power of their government. Through close examination of the writings of Sophocles and Plato, one can discover the that the Athenian’s thoughts regarding the governing power, evolved during Classical Athens’s 200 year span. Although at a glance the government of Ancient Athens did not seem to progress much during it’s time, a deeper look at Sophocles’ Antigone, written in 441 BCE, and Plato’s Crito, written in 360 BCE, reveal that the Athenian attitudes toward the authority of the state appeared to evolve even within eighty years. While Antigone and Crito, are two distinct works, they both tell stories of disobedience to the authority within the society. Sophocles tells a tale of Antigone, a young woman who breaks the King’s, Creon’s, new law that prohibits the burial of her deceased brother because he was fighting against his own city. On the other hand, Plato’s dialogue tells of Crito, who is willing to break the law of the state so he can rescue his friend, Socrates, from a death sentence. The air of rebellion throughout both works brings into focus the dissatisfaction that the Athenian citizens seem to have had with the people in governmental power.

Prioritizing Hawaii Born Homeless Before Those From The...

Brandt Ben English 100 Norman Thompson December 14, 2015 Prioritizing Hawaii-born Homeless before Those from the Mainland Hawaii is known for its beautiful beaches, tropical climate, and (former) pineapple exports. This state is also number one in a lot of areas: worst traffic, highest cost of living, and highest homeless population. These are all important issues that most people outside of the islands do not think about when imagining a tropical paradise. The homeless population is a critical issue that will be discussed in this essay. Homelessness is a result of many factors: job loss, family disputes, foreclosure, and even drug addiction. In Hawaii, the main cause of homelessness is the rising cost of living. As housing costs†¦show more content†¦This is their home, yet they do not have a home. Meanwhile others from out of state are flown down here because it is easier to live in. Being homeless in your own home state is tough. Many possible solutions to solve homelessness in Hawaii exist, but it is important to give priority to the local-born homeless population before helping the ones that arrived here from out of state. Having a large homeless population affects everything about Hawaii- the economy, the government, the environment, and the people. These things stack up on each other which creates a snowball effect. Local residents may complain to the government to do something about the homeless issue. The government decides to create laws limiting where the homeless may stay. The homeless move to other places, such as popular tourist beaches. The tourists are turned off by the growing homeless population â€Å"dirtying† the beaches, which in turn causes a decrease in tourism. The island’s economy suffers. Homelessness affects everything, especially in a small island like Hawaii. The economy takes the biggest toll, however because Hawaii relies on the tourism industry, it is important to keep visitors happy and satisfied. It is an eyesore looking at the homeless littering the beaches and streets with tarps and shopping carts. This dr ives the tourists away, and without them, our economy declines. The homeless also affect the environment in which we live. With nowhere to go, they

Snapshot If The Psychological Functioning †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Snapshot If The Psychological Functioning? Answer: Introducation The purpose of Mental State Examination (MSE) is to assess the mental state and behaviour of an individual at the time of interview. The goal of MSE is the identification of signs and symptoms pertaining to mental illness for providing proper assistance to the client and addressing of related risks. This exam provides a systematic appraisal and reflects the snapshot if the psychological functioning of a person at a given time period. This examination provides a comprehensive and cross-sectional mental state description of a patient that help a nurse or clinician for making accurate diagnosis for the planning of coherent treatment (Dong, et al., 2012). MSE can be performed in a wide range of settings like psychiatric or in an outpatient hospital settings by registered nurses and clinicians. For the registered nurses, MSE is useful as it provides a comprehensive assessment of mental state that include medical, psychiatric, medication and personal history of the client. It is useful for the screening of cognitive impairment and its monitoring over time. This examination help the RNs to assess the general behaviour and appearance, attentiveness, level of consciousness, mood and effect, language, memory, alertness, abstract reasoning and constructional ability which are most clinically relevant for measuring cognitive abilities (Wajman, Oliveira, Schultz, Marin, Bertolucci, 2014). Various domains are considered in a typical MSE for the systematic appraisal. Appearance: The appearance of the client is important that provide significant clues about their quality of life, lifestyle, self-care and ability to perform the activities of daily living. For example, if a client is well dressed, it demonstrates the clothing and grooming of that person. If a persons clothing is clean, it demonstrates that if the person performs hygiene on a daily basis or not. These distinctive features are being demonstrated in the appearance domain (Saliba, et al., 2012). Behaviour: This important domain demonstrates the behaviour of a person during the examination. Non-verbal communication is given special attention and monitoring is done during the interview that reveals the attitude, emotional state of a person. For example, if the level of arousal is high during the examination, it demonstrates agitation or aggressive behaviour of a person. The body language, facial expression, posture, eye contact is noticed during MSE. For example, if a person lacks eye contact during MSE, it demonstrates the poor response of the client to assessment and level of social engagement and rapport with the registered nurse or the clinician. Movement and psychomotor activity is also noticed under this domain such as the client is hypoactive or hyperactive. It also depicts the unusual features like tremors, repetitive, slowed or involuntary movements (Taylor, 2013). Speech and content of speech: This domain is helpful in revealing the presentation of a persons feature during MSE. The behaviour and content of the speech is important as it help to depict the language of a person. For example, if the person demonstrates unusual speech that might be associated with anxiety and mood problems, organic pathology or schizophrenia. It is observed that if the persons speech rate is rapid, pressured or reduced. The volume (normal, loud, soft) is observed along with tonality (tremulous, monotonous), quantity (voluble, minimal) and ease of conversation. This is useful in the demonstration of these possible descriptors along with rhythm and fluency whether the content of speech is clear, slurry, hesitant, aphasic or with good articulation (Altmann, Tian, Henderson, Greicius, 2013). Mood and Affect: This domain is useful in the conceptualization of the relationship between the economics affect and mood. Affect is defined as the immediate emotional expressions. On the other hand, mood explains the emotional experience of a person over a prolonged time. For example, affect demonstrates the stability of a person like labile or stable. Happiness is demonstrated by mood whether it is elevated, ecstatic, depressed or lowered. Affect also explains the appropriateness (inappropriate, appropriate or incongruous) and range (flat, restricted, expansive or blunted) of a person. Irritability is defined by mood whether the person is calm, explosive or irritable by nature (Cumming, Churilov, Lindn, Bernhardt, 2013). Thought: The thinking of a person is evaluated based on nature or thought content and process or thought form. Content explains various aspects of thought process like delusions, ideas, suicidal or self-harm ideation, obsessions or anxiety. For example, if a person demonstrates false beliefs that are rigidly this is not consistent to ones background depicts delusions. Unreasonable beliefs demonstrate overvalued ideas, preoccupations and depressive thoughts. Repetitive thoughts about a catastrophic or feared outcome greatly illustrate obsessions of a person. Anxiety is explained by phobias where a person demonstrates heightened anxiety (Forbes Watt, 2015). Thought process shows coherence and formation of thoughts which is greatly reflected in the speech of a person and expression of ideas. Various thought levels are explained through process like if a person demonstrates derailment or loose associations, it reflects irrelevant thinking. Tangential thinking or flight of ideas reflects frequent changing of topic, excessive vagueness depicts circumstantial thinking, use of nonsense words and thought clocking or racing is reflected in halted or pressured speech. Perception: This domain is important for the detection of serious mental health issues like psychosis, mood disorders or severe anxiety. It is also helpful in the measurement of perceptual disturbances marked by frightening or disturbing perceptions. For example, if a person demonstrates derealisation or depersonalization, it depicts dissociative symptoms. For example, if a person who thinks that surrounding things are not real and unusual characterizes illusions. Hallucinations can be auditory, visual where a persons sensory modalities are affected and the nurse or clinician note the degree of distress or fear that are associated with hallucinations (Douglas Robertson, 2013). Cognition: This domain refers to the current capacity of processing of information, as it is sensitive in case of mental health problems. If a person is unaware of the time, place or person and incapable of providing his or her personal details, it depicts disorientation to reality. It also measures the level of consciousness whether the person is drowsy, alert, stuporous or intoxicated. It also measures the memory functioning, arithmetic and literacy skills, concentration and attention and the ability of a person to deal with the abstract concepts (Sattler, Toro, Schnknecht, Schrder, 2012). Insight: It is the triaging of the psychiatric presentations and the persons ability to take decisions about their safety. For example, it is the acknowledgement of a person regarding possible mental health problem in understanding the possible treatment and its compliance. It also measures the ability for the identification of potentially pathological episodes like suicidal impulses or hallucinations (Douglas Robertson, 2013). Anxiety and depression: Severe anxiety disorders are characterized by the depressive symptoms and may produce suicidal ideation, agitation and risk for suicide. In anxiety and depression, speech domain in MSE is affected where the person demonstrates unusual speech that might be pressured, rapid or with reduced tempo. Thoughts are also affected due to anxiety where there might be heightened anxiety or the person witness specific phobia. Most importantly, if a person is suffering from anxiety and depression, there is disturbance in perceptions like dissociative symptoms, illusions, hallucinations. Based on the physical appearance, anxious patients would exhibit restlessness, sweaty palms and distractibility. The mood might be normal or depressive. The behaviour and psychomotor activity is also affected in anxiety and depression where the patient exhibit hyperactivity and agitation (Cosco, Doyle, Ward, McGee, 2012). Behaviour and mood is significant part of anxiety because it changes these parameters in some way or the other. Certain neurotransmitters acting as chemical messengers help in the communication of different nervous system parts and regulate behaviour and mood. In anxiety, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) does not work properly that leads to overreaction or vigilance feeling and hyperactive behaviour. Anxiety affects cognition like thoughts about fear of dying and suspected dangers where amygdala and hippocampus are affected. There is high response to the emotional stimuli that increases anxiety. Unusual speech is recognized in anxiety as muscle tension makes the movement harder resulting in abnormal speech. During anxiety or depression, speech is controlled by the person rather than by subconscious mind resulting in abnormal speech (Ng, Y., Schlaghecken, 2012). Psychotic disorders: There is abnormal thinking, delusions, hallucinations and perceptions that are affected by psychotic disorders. The person experience visual or auditory hallucinations that are considered perpetual disturbance. The thinking ability is disrupted in psychotic disorders and delusions occur where the person has false beliefs that are rigidly held. Dopamine plays an important role in the internal representations, pays attention to the emotional stimulus, and prepares response. However, in psychosis, dopamine is released at random events leading to abnormal information gating and aberrant salient experiences. Hallucinations are accompanied by auditory or visual hallucinations where there is activation of modality-specific activation in the cerebral areas that are involved in sensory processing. However, there is alteration in the Amygdala-Visceral and Hippocampus leading to over activation and inability to distinguish between external stimulation and self-generated tho ughts including activation of Wernickes area and there are auditory hallucinations (vices heard outside in contrast to the inside due to plenum temporal activation). The primary neurotransmitter, dopamine has increased pharmacological effect that gives rise to hallucinations or psychotic delusions. There is delusional thinking and the person is unable to find or connect the meaningful relationships between ideas or unrelated stimuli. This is the reason the person have an impaired relationship with the reality (Fusar-Poli, et al., 2012). Patient-centred care: It is a holistic approach where the specific needs of the individual are respected. There is personalization of the care and support given to the client where the mental health nurses understand the culture and specific needs are included in the mental health services given to the client. Their choices and needs are supported in a way that fits the way they want to live. In mental health nursing, personalized service is given that reflect listening and improved understanding and empathy towards the people who experiences mental health issues as witnessed in MSE (Barry Edgman-Levitan, 2012). Cultural appropriateness: In mental health nursing, cultural appropriateness is important as the healthcare providers have to be aware of the mental health issues faced by diverse groups. The mental health services need to be culturally competent so that they are able to support the clients with mental health issues from culturally diverse groups. The healthcare services should be adequate to identify and understand the language and cultural differences of the mental health patients and in reducing the stigmatization associated with them (Doyle, 2012). The multidisciplinary team: In mental health nursing, the multidisciplinary system comprises of the psychiatrists, clinical nurses, specialists, psychologists, mental health nurses, occupational therapists, medical secretaries and sometimes advocacy and care workers. These professionals have different expertise combined with skills who work together in tackling challenging and complex mental health issues of the patients. This team work in collaboration and in a dedicated manner contributing to the assessment, diagnosis, treatment and management of the mental health issue towards holistic patient-centred care (Chalmers, Harrison, Mollison, Molloy, Gray, 2012). Psychotropic medications: The psychiatric drugs are used for the alteration of chemical levels in the brain that has an impact on the behaviour and mood. This medication provides safety and stability from paralysing anxiety, however, the benefit differs from patient to patient. Some important drugs include Xanax, Zoloft, Celexa, Prozac, Ativan, Desyrel and Lexapro help to improve the symptoms of depression, neuroticism and extroversion by calming them down in few weeks of use (Rssler, 2012). Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS): A self-reported instrument of 42 items measures the negative states of emotion of anxiety, depression and stress or tension. DASS scores interpret that the values for depression, anxiety and stress should be low as much as possible and has certain cut-off values. The scores range from zero depicting that the items are not applicable for them to three that means items can be applied to them for most of the time. The main purpose of this tool is to identify and isolate the emotional disturbance aspects. For example, in psychiatric or outpatient settings, the registered nurses or clinicians do the assessment for the degree of severity for the core anxiety, depression or stress symptoms. It is helpful for the registered nurses as it helps to measure the negative and emotional states of anxiety, depression and stress. The scores obtained by the patient would help the nurses to calculate by summing the scores for the relevant parameters. In the clini cal setting, the nurses clarify the emotional disturbance that is the broad task for the clinical assessment. DASS scale help them to make decisions based on the score profiles in the clinical examination. Moreover, the clinicians would be able to determine the suicidal ideation and risk for any kind of suicide in the disturbed persons. The aim of this scale is to define and explore the core symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress and meeting of the rigorous standards of psychiatric adequacy and development of discrimination between the anxiety depression scales to the maximum. The experienced registered nurse or clinician interpret and decide based on DASS result score for the anxiety, depression or stress (Happell, Scott, Platania?Phung, Nankivell, 2012). There are specific ethical and legal considerations while conducting the mental health assessment by the mental health professionals. Firstly, informed consent need to be obtained from the patient or client before the commencement of mental health assessment as it the ethical duty for the evaluation of the mental health issues. In this, the patient or client need to know about the nature and purpose of the mental health assessment along with potential disclosures and confidentiality associated with the assessment. In cases where there is third party involvement that also need to be informed to the patient. Confidentiality is the second ethical consideration where the mental health professional conducting the assessment are obliged to maintain a certain degree of confidentiality, respect for patient privacy in the legal and ethical context. There should not be any kind of disclosure of the patient information associated with the particular evaluation. Apart from these ethical and lega l considerations, the mental health professions have the obligation to disclose only relevant information with the healthcare team for the diagnosis, treatment and management of the mental health conditions. The legal considerations involve no breaching of these ethical considerations while conducting the mental health assessment. It is the duty of the mental health professionals to maintain the confidentiality of the evaluee by writing an authorization before the release of information and taking into consideration to release only the authorized information (Oei, Sawang, Goh, Mukhtar, 2013). Patient-centred care: It is a measure where the metal healthcare professionals work for the development and implementation of actionable plan for the patient who scored concerning scores in DASS scale. The care is developed to fulfil the goals of personal recovery that scored significant marks in DASS scale. There is designing of care plans that promote oriented care and recovery that minimizes symptoms of anxiety, depression or stress (Manary, Boulding, Staelin, Glickman, 2013). Cultural appropriateness: Many patients come from culturally and diverse backgrounds suffering from mental health issues and stigmatization. There is lack of healthcare services in the mainstream that works to meet the cultural needs of these diverse patients and acts as a barrier. Therefore, there is need for mental health givers to be knowledgeable and culturally competent in providing culturally appropriate care for the ethnic patients as cultural factors greatly influence the therapeutic process (Purnell, 2014). The multidisciplinary team: MDT comprising of psychiatrist, clinical and mental health nurses, therapists and psychologists work in inter-professional collaboration in the diagnosis, treatment and in providing metal health services that improve the state of anxiety, depression or stress and enhance services rendered by the institutions. Among the MDT, nurses are the most important professionals who help to establish contact and interpersonal relationship with the patient and provide highest quality of care (Videbeck, 2013). Psychotropic medications: For the patients who scored significant marks in DASS scale, it is important to give class of psychotropic medications like antidepressants and anti-anxiety agents. These treatments are safer as antidepressants help with phobias, panic attacks, suicidal thoughts, sleeping thoughts and eating disorders. Tranquilizers or anti-anxiety drugs are used to treat anxiety that interfere the patients in their daily life. Benzodiazepines are also used acting as tranquilizers (Wexler, 2013). References Altmann, A., Tian, L., Henderson, V. W., Greicius, M. D. (2013). Sex modifies the APOE?related risk of developing Alzheimer disease. Annals of neurology, 122-129. doi: 10.1002/ana.24135. Retrived from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24623176 Barry, M. J., Edgman-Levitan, S. (2012). Shared decision marketingthe pinnacle of patient-centered care. New England Journal of Medicine, 780-781. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1109283 Retreived form: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1109283#t=article Chalmers, A., Harrison, S., Mollison, K., Molloy, N., Gray, K. (2012). Establishing sensory-based approaches in mental health inpatient care: a multidisciplinary approach. Australasian Psychiatry, 35-39. doi: 10.1177/1039856211430146 Retreived from: https://sci-hub.io/10.1177/1039856211430146 Cosco, T. D., Doyle, F., Ward, M., McGee, H. (2012). Latent structure of the Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale: a 10-year systematic review. . Journal of psychosomatic research,, 180-184. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.06.008. Retreived from: https://sci-hub.io/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.06.008 Cumming, T. B., Churilov, L., Lindn, T., Bernhardt, J. (2013). Montreal Cognitive Assessment and MiniMental State Examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 122-129. : DOI: 10.1111/ane.12084. retreived form: https://sci-hub.io/10.1111/ane.12084 Dong, Y., Lee, W. Y., Basri, N. A., Collinson, S. L., Merchant, R. A., Venketasubramanian, N., Chen, C. L. (2012). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment is superior to the MiniMental State Examination in detecting patients at higher risk of dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 1749-1755. doi:10.1017/S1041610212001068. retreived from: https://sci-hub.io/10.1017/s1041610212001068 Douglas, G. N., Robertson, C. (2013). Macleod's Clinical Examination E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Doyle, K. (2012). Measuring cultural appropriateness of mental health services for Australian Aboriginal peoples in rural and remote Western Australia: a client/clinician's journey. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health,, 40-53. doi: 10.1080/17542863.2010.548915 Retrieved from: https://sci-hub.io/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17542863.2010.548915 Forbes, H., Watt, E. (2015). Jarvis's Physical Examination and Health management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Fusar-Poli, P., Bonoldi, I., Yung, A. R., Borgwardt, S., Kempton, M. J., Valmaggia, L., ... McGuire, P. (2012). Predicting psychosis: meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk. Archives of general psychiatry, 220-229. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1472 Retrieved from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/1107408 Happell, B., Scott, D., Platania?Phung, C., Nankivell, J. (2012). Should we or shouldn't we? Mental health nurses' views on physical health care of mental health consumers. International journal of mental health nursing, 202-210. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0349.2011.00799.x Retrieved from: https://sci-hub.io/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2011.00799.x/full Manary, M. P., Boulding, W., Staelin, R., Glickman, S. W. (2013). The patient experience and health outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine, 201-203. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1211775 Retrieved from: https://sci-hub.io/https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1211775 Ng, J., Y., C. H., Schlaghecken, F. (2012). Dissociating effects of subclinical anxiety and depression on cognitive control. Advances in cognitive psychology, 38. doi: 10.2478/v10053-008-0100-6 Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303107/ Oei, T. P., Sawang, S., Goh, Y. W., Mukhtar, F. (2013). Using the depression anxiety stress scale 21 (DASS-21) across cultures. 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Marijuana Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Marijuana Persuasive Essay Marijuana PlantMarijuana, also called hemp, bhang, and ganja, is used as an intoxicant in many parts of the world, the leaves or dried flowers being either smoked or eaten. It has also been used as a sedative and analgesic. Hashish, a resin obtained from the top of the flowering plant, is five to eight times more potent than the leaves when smoked. Marijuana, mixture of leaves, stems, and flowering tops of the Indian hemp plant Cannabis sativa, smoked or eaten for its pleasure-giving effects. The psychoactive ingredient of marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is concentrated in the flowering tops; hashish, a drug prepared from the plant resin, has about eight times more THC than marijuana. Marijuana grows throughout temperate regions, with the more potent varieties produced in dry, hot, upland climates. Except for limited medical purposes, cultivating marijuana is illegal in all but a few countries. During the prohibition, marijuana was widely used because of the scarcity of alcohol. Prohibition was repealed after just thirteen years while the prohibition against marijuana lasted for more than seventy five years. This double standard may have resulted from the wishes of those in power. Alcohol prohibition struck directly at tens of millions of Americans of all ages, including many of societies most powerful members. Marijuana prohibition threatened far fewer Americans, and they had relatively little influence in the districts of power. Only the prohibition of marijuana, which some sixty million Americans have violated since 1965 has come close to approximating the prohibition experience, but marijuana smokers consist mostly of young and relatively powerless Americans (American Heritage, pg 47). Alcohol prohibition was repealed and marijuana prohibition was retained, not because scientists had proved that alcohol was the less dangerous of the various psychoactive drugs, but becau se of the prejudices and preferences of most Americans (American Heritage, pg 47). In 1937 the government issued the Marijuana Tax Act, which levied a dollar an ounce tax on marijuana, coupled with fines of $2,000 for drug posession and jail sentences for evasion of the tax. For this reason marijuana use in the United States appears to have gone into decline in the late 30s (Grolier Wellness Encyclopedia, pg 54). Then marijuana was outlawed in 1937 as a repressive measure against Mexican workers who crossed the border seekingjobs during the Depression. The specific reason given for the outlawing of the hemp plant was its supposed violent effect on the degenerate races (Schaffer, pg. 86). Beginning in the 60s marijuana use saw a resurgence which may be attributed to many causes. One of the main causes was the rebellion of youth against the Vietnam War. They used marijuana as an escape from war to peace. It was easy at this time to depict marijuana as a beneficial and completely harmless substance whose effects were far less harmful than those of legal drugs such as alcohol and nicotine because there was not enough scientific research done during the 60s (Grolier Wellness Encyclopedia, pg 54). Another cause may have been the discovery of the psychoactive component of marijuana- tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly known as THC. Users found the relation between the doses and the effects (Grolier Electronic Publishing, 1995). The current atmosphere provides for doctors to suggest synthetic marijuana (THC) in a pure and standardized form by perscription (called Marinol) for the treatment of nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy. Also, although there is no scientific evidence that shows marijuana is beneficial in the treatment of glaucoma, it may prevent the progression of visual loss. Marijuana, along with alcohol and a host of other substances, can actually lower intraocular eye pressure. The mediction however, must be carefully tailored to the individual to prevent further eye damage. .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a , .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a .postImageUrl , .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a , .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a:hover , .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a:visited , .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a:active { border:0!important; } .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a:active , .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc489173e9a97f8d638a7183829d091a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Personal: Classroom Observation EssayThe evidence has clearly shown that marijuana has been around for a great deal of time and has served multiple purposes throughout history. SourcesGrolier Electronic Encylopedia, Electronic Publishing, Inc., 1995Grolier Wellness Encyclopedia, Drugs, Society Behavior. Vol. 3, 1992. Ethan A. Nadelmann, American Heritage Magazine, Feb-Mar, 1993. Medical Marijuana, http://www.lec.org/Drug_Watch/ Public/Documents/Med_Marijuana_Paper.htm, 1995.