The Barriers to Effective Communication

â€Å"A barrier to communication is something that keeps meanings from meeting. Meaning barriers exist between all people, making communication much more difficult than most people seem to realize. It is false to assume that if one can talk he can communicate† (Windle & Warren, nd). Communication is a process by which information is transmitted from one person (sender) to another (receiver).Before the message reaches the receiver, errors in transmission occur. It is estimated by psychologists that in every communication, there is approximately 40-60% meaning loss (Jenkins, 2007).It is therefore essential to know the various barriers that cause communication breakdown and possibly try to minimize these errors if we are to make our communication more meaningful. The core barriers The greatest barrier towards communicating effectively is stereotyping. This preconception on another person makes one view the other’s communication with a lot of prejudice. There is a tendency to wrongly hold a person’s views. There are stereotypes in all walks of life such as religion, gender and race.In racial stereotyping for example, a person’s believe to be more knowledgeable than the other because of skin color makes him or her disregard the other’s communication. This eventually breaks down the communication (OPPapers, 2010). There are a number of people who tend to assume that the people they are talking to know their thoughts. Such misjudgments are very dangerous to communication. An article by Effective-communicating, The importance of effective communication states that, â€Å"When you assume, you make an ‘ass’ out of ‘u’ and ‘me’ (Effective Communicating, 2008).Insufficient knowledge on the specific subject of communication can lead to errors on communication. If the person sending the message falls short of words in the information to be transmitted, the receiver is exposed to an unclear message tha t is mixed-up. On the other hand, the receiver may fail to understand information that is beyond his or her knowledge. It may be very hard for a teacher to understand scientific terms used by a scientist in any form of communication (College of Marin, nd). In relation to knowledge, language can pose a great danger to communication.There are many languages as people are from different backgrounds. Use of a language that the recipient does not understand will not pass the message. The different dialects and accents also create barriers. There may exist semantic gaps where words have same pronunciation but with a multiple of meanings. Some people tend to use inappropriate words in specific contexts and difficult vocabularies. The receiver will not be mesmerized but will be left in total confusion (Jain, 2010). Information overload is another barrier towards effective communication. A message that is too crowded with words tends to be misunderstood.Receivers tend to create barriers unde r these circumstances. A lecturer from collage of Marine on Barriers to effective communication advises that, â€Å"If you are selling an item with twenty five terrific features, pick two or three important features to emphasize instead of overwhelming your receiver (ho-hum) with an information avalanche. † (College of Marin, nd). Emotional interference leads to misunderstandings in communication. A person who is overexcited, angry, fearful, hostile, or resentful may be very much emotionally preoccupied to give or receive the right message.In case of dislike, ‘hearing’ will be a great problem. Emotional distractions create interference with creation, transmission and reception (College of Marin, nd). Emotions if given a chance will show up always and they become a barrier when they make people get overwhelmed (People Communicating, 2009). Physical distractions occur amidst communication. A noisy environment or a bad telephone line disrupts the receiver of the mes sage from hearing. Distractions are also possible with written messages especially when it is poorly formatted, has spelling errors and grammatical deficits.The physical appearance of the message will be too unprofessional and sloppy. The receiver’s concentration to such messages will be put off. Bright lights especially when one is using a computer can distract the receiver in getting the correct message (College of Marin, nd). Physical barriers can also be created by the geographical location. For example, at a workplace, employees in different quarters will have difficulty in communicating effectively (Margaritasmith, 2009). The sender may lack the basic communication skills.The receiver will greatly be affected in the interpretation of the intended message when the sender is faced with a problem in choosing the words needed and arranging them in a comprehensive manner. Others tend to rehearse on what they will say especially after scrutinizing who the speaker is. For inst ance, many students who lack good communication skills will first rehearse on what to say before meeting a teacher. On the other side of the coin, there are a great deal of receivers who have poor listening and reading skills. They have trouble in hearing and in the interpretation of messages (College of Marin, nd).Personal lack of interest can pose a great threat to communication. A person who is disinterested will carelessly listen or hurriedly read the sent message, misinterpreting the intentions of the sender. Failure of the sender to recognize the needs and the status of the receiver affects communication also. The sender should therefore prepare a message with the trait of the receiver in mind. The medicine of an angry customer is listening to his complains for some time (College of Marin, nd). Inappropriate channel also leads to breakdown in communication.For example, giving detailed procedures over the phone may be quite frustrating on the side of the decoder. A patient for instance, may choose to call a doctor to seek treatment. It would be illogical for the doctor to prescribe any treatment without a face to face encounter with the patient. The chain of communication may also affect the message; the greater the chain of communication, the higher the probability of its misinterpretation. For instance, if a sender uses a ten people chain to rely the message to the receiver, there is no doubt that the recipient will get a completely distorted message (College of Marin, nd).A very long communication chain and a poor medium selected can break up the communication (Jain, 2010). Communication is two way. The sender must get feedback from the recipient. In conversations for instance, there must be turn-taking. If the sender does not give the recipient time to respond or ask questions, he or she may pretend to understand what the sender is saying. It is also important for the sender to interpret the receiver’s non-verbal cues as they carry a lot of mea ning in any given communication. Failure to do so may cause ineffectiveness in communication (College of Marin, nd).Effective communicators, as Boulden spells out in his book, communicating for success: The seven keys of effective communication â€Å"†¦work into building relationships by asking questions and listening to the answers to gain information and use this process to reach consensus† (Boulden, 2009) Other barriers that affect communication include socio-cultural diversities such as age, gender, social status, educational level, economic status, cultural background, and religion.They as well affect communication (Jain, 2010). In different cultures for instance certain gestures are interpreted differently and therefore communication can be misunderstood (Ueeka, 2009). Conclusion Barriers of communication seem to be part of our lives. However careful we are in our communications errors in communication will always be felt. Some barriers are complex to deal with and may be beyond our capabilities.All that we need to do to alleviate this problem is to try and minimize our faults in communication.References Boulden, G. (2009). Communication for success: The seven keys of effective communication.London: Ala International Publishing College of Marin. (nd).Lecture: barriers to effective communication. Retrieved from http://www. marin. edu/buscom/index_files/Page565. htm Effective Communicating. (2008). The importance of effective communication. Retrieved from http://www. effective-communicating. com/importance-of-effective-communication. html.Jain, R. (2010). The barriers to effective communication. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Barriers-to-Effective-Communication&id=1210011 Jenkins, M. (2007). Barriers to effective communication at work. Retrieved from http://www. alliancetac. com/? PAGE_ID=265 OPPapers. (2010).Barriers to effective communication. Retrieved from http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Barriers-Effective-Communication/778 41? topic People Communicating. (2009). Barriers to effective communication. Retrieved from http://www. people-communicating. com/barriers-to-effective-communication. html.Margaritasmith. (2009). Barriers to effective communication- Effective communication- Document transcript. Retrieved from http://www. slideshare. net/margaritasmith/barriers-to-effective-communication-effective- communications Ueeka. (2009).Overcoming potential barriers in effective communication. Retrieved from http://www. ueeka. com/docs/overcoming-potential-barriers-effective-communication. html Windle, R. & Warren, S. (nd). Communication skills. Retrieved from http://www. directionservice. org/cadre/section4. cfm.

Does Modern Technology Make Life More Convenient, or Was Life Better When Technology Was Simpler?

Does modern technology make life more convenient, or was life better when technology was simpler? As a matter of fact, nowadays, technology plays an important role in people's life, to extent they cannot imagine their lives without role of technology, simply, because they live in the speed time. I mention bellow how technology makes life more convenient. First and foremost, today's generation is not like old generation. For instance, in the past people did face many difficulties when they perform their duties, especially when they clean their clothes, whereas, today everybody cleans her or his clothes by washing-machine which makes their life more comfortable. moreover, it protects their hands from chemical elements which is in the soap of washing clothes, so, washing-machine is so important and required. Secondly, students are the most people who need technology in their life, especially the Internet, today’s students are more open for the world rather than before, for instance, in the past students just used the books to do their search because their subjects were easy, simple and short, whereas, nowadays students are more development, advance and independence. Therefore, they need something which helps them to perform their search such as Computer with Internet because their searches are wide and include many information which cannot find them easily from books, thus, they use internet to find these information. In this way, they overcome the difficulties which students were face them before. In conclusion, I believe that technology makes our modern life more convenient, although, there are advantages and disadvantages of the effect of the technology on ourselves but the advantages are more than disadvantages, especially, when we back to home in the summer, we need something cold to during from the refrigerator or cold weather from the AC. there is not argument the life before was simple and quite but there was difficulties in performing the duties.

Health Care Policy, Law and Ethic Essay

As a Chief Nursing Officer, I’m responsible for one of the state’s largest Obstetric Health Care Centers. I just received word of some fraudulent behaviors in the center. To mitigate this type of behaviors I must evaluate how the healthcare Qui Tam affects health care organizations, provide four examples of Qui Tam cases that exist in a variety of health care organizations, Devise a procedure for admission into a health care facility that upholds the law about the required number of Medicare and Medicaid referrals, Recommend a corporate integrity program that will mitigate incidents of fraud and assess how the recommendation will impact issues of reproduction and birth, and Devise a plan to protect patient information that complies with all necessary laws. After completing my evaluation on Qui Tam I will be able to provide a proper protocol to handle or prevent future issue and grow awareness on how fraudulent behavior affects the health care center. Qui Tam is Latin for â€Å"he who brings a case on behalf of our lord King, as well as for himself†. Qui Tam allows a private citizen (relator, whistleblower) to bring a lawsuit on behalf of the government, as well as himself, against a defendant who may has knowingly committed fraud or criminal act in which the government was victimized (Showalter, 2012). The private citizen need not have been personally harmed by the defendant’s conduct (Department of the Interior Office of Inspector General, 2010). The government can choose to take over the prosecution, but if the government declines the private citizen can proceed alone. How Healthcare Qui Tam affects health care organizations. Healthcare is a multi-billion dollar industry and has attracted those who want to defraud health insurance companies and the government (Showalter, 2012). Based on the healthcare industry monetary value it has become the fertile soil for white –collar crimes that end in criminal convictions and financial penalties (Showalter, 2012). The punishment for payment fraud and abuse is shared with the abuser and the organization. When an employee is involved in act of fraud and abuse management, officers as well as the organization is held accountable. They share in the punishment even if management, officers or the organization is aware of the abusers actions. . One way to minimize exposure to fraud and abuse is to have a strong corporate compliance program in place. Developing a strong compliance  programs will ensure an organization’s adherence to federal and state regulations such as false claim act, anti-kickback statues, the Starks self-referral laws and HIPAA. Using go vernment regulation as the bases of an organizations compliance program will help significantly in the effort to prevent fraud, abuse and waste within the organization (Showalter, 2012). Healthcare Qui Tam along with state and government regulations has pushed organizations to develop new or stronger compliance programs in the hopes to prevent fraud, promote integrity and improve billing accuracy. Not only has it push health care organization to create compliance program to protect the company these policy also include process for an employee to anonymously report and undesirable conduct they may see. Companies have also created their own fraud and abuse compliance departments that are responsible for educating the staff of any federal and state regulations and created requirement for and standards each depart must to abide by. This department will also be responsible for the investigation of any reported behavior. These measures are put in place to prevent any possible fraud and abuse acts with in the organization. Examples of Qui Tam cases that exist in a variety of health care organizations. To remedy abuse associated with ghost billing, up coding, unbundling, and billing for inadequate or unnecessary care the government put in place the false claims act. During January 2009 through 2012 the justice department used the false claim act to recover more than 9.5 billion dollars in health care fraud cases. Below is an example of a False Claim Act Case. Example of FCA Nelson v. Alcon Laboratories, No. 3:12-cv-03738-M (N.D. Tex.) †¢Complaint filed : September 14, 2012 †¢Complaint unsealed : July 16, 2013 †¢Intervention status : Declined †¢Claims: False claims to Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE and the federal defense procurement programs in violation of the Civil False Act (FCA), 31 U.S.C.  § 3729 et seq. †¢Name of Relator: Michael Nelson and Steve Gonzales †¢ Defendant’s Business: Pharmaceutical manufacturer †¢Relators’ Relationship to Defendant: Former employee †¢Relators’ Counsel: Bell, Nunnally & Martin, LLP †¢Summary of case: Alcon Laboratories allegedly failed to adhere to FDA regulations in manufacturing, packaging and delivering nonprescription and prescription eye care products sold to the U.S. government under Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, and other insurance programs held by a variety of military and federal employees and their dependents. Alcon even provide the eye care product to the U.S. Department of Defense †¢Current status: The U.S. declined to intervene in the case: relator may proceed on their own †¢Reason to Watch: This case was viewed similar to United States ex rel. Eckard v. GlaxoSmithKline and SB Pharmco Puerto Rico, which was settled in 2010. This case involved both civil and criminal allegation, but the focus was on failing to comply with the FDA’s regulations regarding manufacturing practices and product quality. This case resulted in a guilty from the defendant, a civil settlement of $600 million, and a criminal fine of $150 million. Anti-Kickback Statue is a criminal statute that prohibits the exchange or offer of an exchange, of any value or form, in the efforts to induce or reward the referral of federal health care program business. This statue was creates to establish penalties for individual and entities on both sides of the prohibited exchange. If convicted the violator can be fined up to 25,000 and sentenced up to five years. In lieu of the fine and the jail time the violator(s) can be excluded from participating in federal health care programs. Listed below is an example of an anti-kickback statue case. Example of AKS United States ex rel. Nevyas v. Allergan, Inc., No. 2:09cv432 (E.D. Pa). †¢Complaint Filed: January 30, 2009 ( Second Amendment Complaint Filed September 27, 2010) †¢ Complaint Unsealed: December 16, 2013 †¢Intervention Status: Unclear from docket †¢ Claims: The relators assert that the defendant caused the submission of claims for payment for prescription drugs induced by illegal kickbacks in violation of the FCA, as well as analogous false claims statutes of 19 states and the District of Columbia †¢Relators’ Names: Herbert J. Nevyas.; Anita Nevyas-Wallace, M.D. †¢ Defendant’s Business: The defendant is an international biopharmaceutical company †¢Relators’ Counsel: Pietragallo, Gordon, Alfano,Bosick& Raspanti LLP (Philadelphia, Pa) †¢Relators’ Relationship to Defendant: The relators are third party physicians who claim they were offered the alleged inducements by the defendant. †¢ Current Status: Ongoing †¢Summary of Case: The relators allege the defendant violated the Anti-Kickback Statues buy offering ophthalmologists and optometrists to prescribe the defendant’s exclusive chronic dry-eye prescription drug Retasis ®. According to the defendant Allergan offer free consulting services, free acesss to a restricted website, invitation to and payment of expenses related to advisory board meetings and offers to fund independent research. †¢Reason to Watch: The defendant entered into a five year Corporate Integrity Agreement with the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General in connection with a settlement of an unrelated criminal investigation and Qui Tam action. Some of the conducted listed in this case may have occurred while the defendant CIA was in place. Also point out possible compliance issues for pharmaceutical companies seeking to grow their business through relationship with physicians (Abhar, Grammel, McGinty, & Willis, 2014) Example of billing for unnecessary services and ghost billing United States ex rel. Fife v. Lymphedema and Wound Institute, Inc., Civ. No. 04:11-CV-271 (S.D. Tex.). †¢Complaint Filed: September 22, 2011 †¢Complaint Unsealed: November 25, 2013 †¢Intervention Status: The United States intervened. †¢Claims: Defendants allegedly submitted false claims for treatment of lymphedema †¢Name of Relator: Dr. Caroline Fife †¢Defendants’ Businesses: The individual defendants are the executives and owners of the defendant company and its affiliates, whose employees provide physical therapy and treatment for lymphatic disease. The individual defendants also managed and operated a network of sleep-study clinics. †¢Relator’s Relationship to Defendants: Relator is a competing physician and professor at the University of Texas who often treated patients who had  stopped receiving treatments from defendants’ facilities. †¢Relator’s Counsel: Ahmad, Zavitsanos, Anaipakos, Alavi & Mensing P.C. (Houston, TX) †¢Summary of Case: The Relator alleged that the defendant provider used unqualified massage therapist to provide services to their lymphedema patients. Also according to the relator the defendant bill for unnecessary services as well as services and supplies that were never rendered. Lastly, the relator alleged the defendant used similar scheme to inflate billing services that were rendered at their sleep clinic. †¢Current Status: The parties settled the claims related to lymphedema treatments for $4.3 million. Additionally, the defendant company’s founder and CEO voluntarily submitted to a 10-year exclusion from federal health benefit programs and the defendant company entered into a five-year Corporate Integrity Agreement (CIA) as of June 25, 2013 (Abhar, Grammel, McGinty, & Willis, 2014). †¢Reasons to Watch: Although the amount of the settlement — $4.3 million — is relatively modest when compared with the $165 million in fraudulent Medicare billings alleged in the complaint, the voluntary exclusion of the defendant company’s CEO from participation in federal health care programs is severe, as an excluded individual will likely find it difficult to continue working in the health care industry (Abhar, Grammel, McGinty, & Willis, 2014). Example of up-coding United States ex rel. Oughatiyan v. IPC The Hospitalist Company Inc., Civ. No. 09-C-5418 (N.D. Ill.). †¢Complaint Filed: September 1, 2009 †¢Complaint Unsealed: December 5, 2013 †¢Intervention Status: The United States intervened, but Illinois and the other 12 plaintiff states declined to intervene †¢Claims: Defendants allegedly encouraged the filling of up-coded claims for services in inpatient and long-term care facilities to federal care programs †¢Name of Relator: Dr. Bijan Ouhatiyan †¢Defendants’ Businesses: National hospitalist independent contractor company and its local subsidiaries â€Å"employing physicians and other health care providers who work in more than 1,300 facilities in 28 states.†1 Hospitalists are physicians who assist in directing and coordinating inpatient care from admission to discharge, and only work in hospitals or  long-term care facilities (Abhar, Grammel, McGinty, & Willis, 2014). †¢Relator’s Relationship to Defendants: Relator is a former employee/independent contractor of dependent. †¢Relator’s Counsel: Goldberg Kohn Ltd. (Chicago, IL) †¢Summary of Case: Relator alleges that IPC The Hospitalist Company (IPC) engaged in the following schemes to cause its employed hospitalists to bill for the services they rendered at the highest reimbursement levels even though such codes were inappropriate, a practice called â€Å"upcoding.† The lawsuit contends that IPC trained its physicians to bill at the highest levels without regard to the actual complexity of the services provided. Additionally, IPC allegedly tracked the coding statistics of its hospitalists and used the results to pressure hospitalists to upcode their services to achieve productivity and profit goals. As a result of these practices, according to the relator, the medical documentation of the actual work done did not support the billing records submitted by the hospitalists (Abhar, Grammel, McGinty, & Willis, 2014). †¢Current Status: Ongoing †¢Reasons to Watch: The defendant has another case (United States ex rel. Ziaei v. IPC The Hospitalist Company Inc., et al., Civ. No. 2:12-cv-01918 (D. Nev.)) with similar allegation, but was dismissed. Our Facility admission Policy, which is in accordance with Medicare and Medicaid referral guidelines. Medicare and Medicare Referral guidelines are based on the Stark law. To prevent any issues or conduct that violates the Stark law our facility will participate in CMS Provider Enrollment, Chain and Ownership System (PECOS). We will require all qualifying providers to register their NPI with Medicare and Medicare by the deadline date. This system will allow us to submit claims, referral, and review for admittance. This program will catch any potential violations of abuse and fraud. The Physician Self -Referral law is listed below. â€Å"The Physician Self-Referral Law (Stark Law) (42 U.S.C. Section 1395nn) prohibits a physician from making a referral for certain designated healt h services to an entity in which the physician (or an immediate member of his or her family) has an ownership/investment interest or with which he or she has a compensation arrangement, unless an exception applies. Penalties for physicians who  violate the Physician Self-Referral Law (Stark Law) include fines as well as exclusion from participation in all Federal health care programs† Corporate integrity program that will reduce fraud and impact issues of reproduction and birth. A Corporate Integrity program is put in place to ensure the organization and the employees would not knowingly violate any laws that control the conduct of the organization operations. Staff will receive training regarding the health care center’s Corporate Integrity Program and all law associated with the program. †¢Code of Conduct Promote and Preserve the organization values Protect the privacy of the Health care centers patients Protect the confidentiality of the patient and the employee information o Avoid all forms of discrimination Act in accordance of all policies and procedures Comply will all law that apply to the health center operations and practices o Disclose all potential conflicts of interest No accepting of gift, goods and services Adhere to all professional standard Ensure consent for service is received and documented Refusal for services are document Patient is informed/education of risk and requires treat for their condition †¢Submission of claims only for services That are actually for service renders For services that the patient or patient represented consented to oFor services that are medical necessary for the patient condition That have appropriate documentation to support the claim All services will be reviewed before billing All billing staff will be trained and certified No claim will be submitted that fall under the Physician Self-Referral law or Anti- Kickback statues Plan to protect patient information that complies with all necessary laws As one of the state’s largest Obstetric Health Care Centers in the area we have an extensive staff. The first policy is to provide excess to patient information that is in the scope of your job. For example the registration staff will not have access  to the patient’s lab results and the lab technician will not have access to member complete medical history. When a staff member signs on to any system that houses patient information they will only be able to view or update information that is within the scope of the job responsibility. This way the patient private medical records are kept private. Education, training and yearly certification of Health Insurance Portability Act and the organization privacy policy will be required fall all staff members. Certification will only be provided to those that achieve at least an 80% on any test that is provided in training. Failure to comply will result in suspicion until certified or termination. For existing employees yearly certification will be done throughout web base training portal. For our new employees training and certification will be part of their new hire orientation and any future required Training will be done through our train portal. The staff can access the training portal at home. This way our staff and complete the certification at the leisure (with in the due date). Also we have the proper process in place to such as authorization and de-identifying Protection Health Information when share and medical or any sensitive information with others. For example there maybe reason why a department must share the type of patient seen or the treatment provided. There should be not reason that patient’s name, address, or any information that may identify the patient be included in the report. We also require the patient to sign an authorization for every year, which will allow us to submit information to insurance companies for payment, medical necessity review, and appeals. We will also have the patient to sign an authorization form allowing us to spe ak with a specific individual, leave voice mail massages and or email the member about appointment and care. Any unauthorized disclosure of private health information the patient will be notified right away. Various federal and state laws, regulations, rules and guidelines govern the use, Disclosure and protection of health information. These include certain provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), certain provisions of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, the Confidentiality of Medical Information Act (CMIA), and any other patient privacy-related laws, regulations, rules and guidelines will be used as the bases of our privacy policies Bibliography Department of Health and Human Services. (November, 27 2013). Physician sefl Referral: CMS. Retrieved 15 2014, March, from Center of Medicare & Medicaid Services: Abhar, S., Grammel, S., McGinty, K., & Willis, S. (2014, February). Qui Tam Defense: MintzLevin. Retrieved March 16, 2014, from MintzLevin: http://www.mintz.com/newsletter/2014/Newsletters/3691-0214-NAT-HL/ Department of the Interior Office of Inspector General. (2010, October 6). False claim Act: office of Inspector General. Retrieved March 15, 2014, from Department of The Interior Office of Inspector General: https://www.doioig.gov/docs/falseclaimsact.pdf. Abhar, S., Grammel, S., McGinty, K., & Willis, S. (2014, February). Qui Tam Defense: MintzLevin. Retrieved March 16, 2014, from MintzLevin: http://www.mintz.com/newsletter/2014/Newsletters/3691-0214-NAT-HL/ Department of the Interior Office of Inspector General. (2010, October 6). False claim Act: office of Inspector General. Retrieved March 15, 2014, from Department of The Interior Office of Inspector General: https://www.doioig.gov/docs/falseclaimsact.pdf. Dunphy, B. P., Kingsbury, S. P., Miner, T. A., Foster, H. S., & Willis, S. D. (2012). Health Care enforcement : 2012 Trends . MintzLevin. Gumbert, J. G. (2003). Qui TamActions Under the False Claims Act. Medical Journal – Houston. Levine, R. H. (2005). Internal Investigations By Healthcare Organizations: Practical considerations. American Health Lawyers association. Showalter, J. S. (2012). The Law of Healthcare Adminstration (6th ed.). Chicago: Health Adminstration Press. Staman, J. (2013). Health Care fraud and Buse Laws affecting Medicare and Medicaid: An Overview. Congressional research Services report for Congress.

Investment Analysis and Stock Valuation on REDBOX company Term Paper

Investment Analysis and Stock Valuation on REDBOX company - Term Paper Example They are situated across the United States at various grocery stores, supermarkets, discount stores, pharmacies, fast food restaurants such as McDonald’s etc. The company wants to bolster its way into the hearts and minds of movie and game renters. As mentioned previously, Redbox is a futurist and so the fast-growing firm, which brags around 33,000 kiosk nationwide, plans to proffer web or internet streaming by the end of 2011 and also feels that it can double the current number of rental outlets considering its bullish trend and prospective growth opportunities (Brad Tuttle, 2011). II. Stream of Expected Returns (Cash Flows) a. Form of returns: Due to non-availability of Redbox’s financial statements, its parent company, Coinstar Inc.’s financial data is being considered. Examining the years ended December 31, 2008, 2009 and 2010, the cash flows from operating activities reduced by 35.42% to $123.89 million in 2009 and escalated by a massive 154.76% mainly due t o increase in liabilities. The cash flows from investing activities were negative in all three years analyzed; however, there was an increase of $37.13 million and $5.02 million in 2009 and 2010. Due to heavy repayment of borrowings and purchase of stock in 2010, the financing activities came about again as a negative figure (-$122.046 million) after a meager one in 2008 (-$602,000). b. Time pattern and growth rate of returns: As mentioned in the previous part, a yearly time pattern has been considered. The growth rate of return is known as the Sustainable Growth Rate and is computed as follows: g = RR (Retention Ratio) * ROE (Return on Equity). As there are no dividend streams being paid by the company, RR will be equal to 100% and as ROE = 22.47% (according to Yahoo Finance, Coinstar Inc.... Form of returns: Due to non-availability of Redbox’s financial statements, its parent company, Coinstar Inc.’s financial data is being considered. Examining the years ended December 31, 2008, 2009 and 2010, the cash flows from operating activities reduced by 35.42% to $123.89 million in 2009 and escalated by a massive 154.76% mainly due to increase in liabilities. The cash flows from investing activities were negative in all three years analyzed; however, there was an increase of $37.13 million and $5.02 million in 2009 and 2010. Due to heavy repayment of borrowings and purchase of stock in 2010, the financing activities came about again as a negative figure (-$122.046 million) after a meager one in 2008 (-$602,000).b. Time pattern and growth rate of returns: As mentioned in the previous part, a yearly time pattern has been considered. The growth rate of return is known as the Sustainable Growth Rate and is computed as follows: g = RR (Retention Ratio) * ROE (Return on Equity). As there are no dividend streams being paid by the company, RR will be equal to 100% and as ROE = 22.47% (according to Yahoo Finance, Coinstar Inc. Key Financials as of December 31, 2010), the growth rate will also come about to be 22.47%.III. Investment Decision Process: A comparison of Estimated Values and Market PricesTo consider investment decisions in a particular stock, its estimated or fair value and market price comparison should be carried out. This will tell investors whether the stock is undervalued or overvalued.

Evolution Seminar Unit 8 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evolution Seminar Unit 8 - Research Paper Example When scientists use the term â€Å"theory†, it already has years of research behind it before it has been presented for scientific evaluation. However to a non-scientist theory is something that is â€Å"cutting-edge† science and needs to be taught to the children Antibacterial resistance of bacteria and pesticide resistance are good examples of natural selection. Since resistance is a genetic characteristic, not all bacteria had the gene that would induce resistance against an antimicrobial agent. However, a few bacteria did have resistance against the agent and hence nature â€Å"selected† them for survival. Therefore the later generation too had this gene carried forward to show resistance against the antimicrobial agent and hence evolution occurred. 6 Charles Darwin died before Gregor Mendel, also known as the Father of Genetics, shared his discoveries on the inheritance of traits. However, their research definitely complements one another. How could further research into genetics continue to help us understand the process of evolution? Genetics is today the most important tool in understanding everything about the origin and life of earth as well as that of human beings. Using molecular tools we will be able to understand the origin of man and how exactly we evolved and so on. It is not only man that we can study but also how man and other animals are linked and construct phylogenetic trees more

Article Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Summary - Essay Example The bank not just possesses the financial might but also has a brilliant team of experts who have defined bank’s policies from time to time. Nobel laureate like Joseph Stiglit and prominent economists like Lawrence Summers have added to the intellectual capital of the bank. In spite of the major role played by the bank in global development, it’s financial might and the intellectual assets; the bank has been criticized by the Right wing as well as the Left wing for it’s functioning and this criticism is aimed at not just restricting the activities of the bank but has practically challenged the very existence of the bank. Revenue model of the bank involves selling bonds to investors in rich countries and receiving grants for raising the capital. While lending and soft lending to developing and underdeveloped countries complete the revenue model. In 1996, the bank acknowledged that some of the parts of soft lending were unrecoverable. Left wing wanted these debts to be written off by converting them to grants. Twice, in 1996 and 1999 the bank has ceded to these demands and partly written off the loans. However, there is another demand for completely writing off loans of 33 Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCS). It is notable that some countries like Philippines and China have achieved growth from these soft loans and are yet to repay those loans. Writing-off such loans would mean big loss to the bank and reduced resources for future lending. In the past, bad debts of the World Bank had been compensated by the aid from rich countries. Britain still favors the same model. However, the US wants all the debts to be converted into grants. Under the US pressure, the soft loan fund is being converted into grant fund since 2003 and it is forecasted that by 2035, this fund will be reduced to just 10% of its present size. With no new support coming from the rich countries, this

History Research Paper Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History Research Paper Outline - Essay Example During the period from 1762-1770, British government found itself in wars in Europe, West Indies, and Asia. This wars meant more money was required to service the British national debt(University of Massachusetts History Club 2).This led to heavy burden of taxes on British tax payers, including the colonies. British authorities began to issue a series of legislative acts which were intended to tax colonial residents (University of Massachusetts History Club 2). The acts were meant to help raise money to service the wars. If there was representation by Americans in the British parliament, these acts might not have passed because the representatives would have argued, and perhaps convinced the British authorities otherwise (University of Massachusetts History Club 2).Because there was no representation, these acts led to socioeconomic forces that destroyed the British colonial empire and subsequently led to the American Revolution. The stamp act that was passed by the British parliament, whose primary intention was to raise money for military defenses of the colonies, contributed to rising tensions. This revenue was to be achieved by ensuring the American population purchase stamps, which were a legal requirement for all official documents, licenses, and contracts (University of Massachusetts History Club 2). Newspapers were also included. This led to formation of the stamp act congress which was to be an act of defiance against the British measure (University of Massachusetts History Club 2). This congress, in their resolutions, declared and stated that they were entitled to the rights and liberties like all other British subjects. The most important declaration was their assertion that there cannot be taxation without representation (University of Massachusetts History Club 2).They believed that the only bodies that can legally impose an internal tax were their legislatures. When this resolution was sent to the British legislature, it was rejected on the

Organisational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organisational Culture - Essay Example Involvement is a very important factor in any place of work. Everyone needs to feel like they are part of the organization so that they can concentrate all their effort in making the company better. In Denison’s model, involvement is one of the components of an effective organization. According to the model, involvement makes people in the organization feel that whatever their input is, it is not taken for granted; instead it is used to make the organization better (Denison et al, 104). Involvement should also not target some people in the organization and leave out other. Everyone form the most junior worker to the highest ranking official needs to be involved in the day to day running of the company (Parker, 2002). Consistency is another important aspect of an affective organization as proposed by the Denison model. Organizational cultures need to be consistent and well coordinated. This way, the core values of the organization will be entrenched and a positive work attitude created among every employee in the organization (Denison et al, 100). When the organizational culture is consistent, running the organization becomes very easy and efficient. Employers and employees can come to agreements on certain issues affecting the company even if they might have divergent points of view. This creates an atmosphere of tolerance and respect which promotes the organization’s productivity (Alvesson, 2002). Adaptability is the third aspect of an effective organization that Denison explains in his model.

Tillman v. Commercial Credit Loans, Inc Case Study

Tillman v. Commercial Credit Loans, Inc - Case Study Example This is because sub-loan crisis affected the American housing industry through high interest rates. Contractual unconscionability has both the positive side and a negative side. The negative aspect results from the dictatorial nature of the contract. This is because an individual has limited abilities to challenge the contract. On the other hand, unconscionable contracts create equality that protects the majority or matters of national interest. According to the case study, unconscionable contracts are vital. This is because a country or a state needs to have some basic standards or rules that cannot be challenged by individual interests. Unconscionable contracts eliminate potential challenges to contracts of national interests such as contracts made between financial lenders and individual borrowers. Such contracts also maintain vital industries such mortgage providers and players in the insurance industry. Unconscionable contracts are therefore vital and individuals should learn to accept their existence and

Without Fear or Shame Essay Example for Free

Without Fear or Shame Essay James W. Clarke, strongly deliberates the lynching epidemic of the tensioned south during the late nineteenth century between the white supremacies and the newly emancipated blacks. Clarke explains that, â€Å"Before emancipation, lynching was primarily a frontier phenomenon that occurred when sheriffs, judges, juries, and jails were far removed by space and time from wrongdoing and a demand for swift retribution.†(271) Although lynching was not new to the south, it was becoming a new symbolization of racial oppression. Clarke also states that the targets for lynching were the freed black men as oppose to those who were still enslaved. Slaves were very much protected by the owners and seen as valuable investments. Although many argue that lynching was an act of punishment for wrongdoings, in actuality it was mostly used as an excuse for racial injustice. To add credibility to this argument, Clarke uses several graphs and charts from the Department of Records and Research of Tuskeegee, Southern newspapers, student of Fisk University narratives, recordings, photographs, and criminal cases, among more. There were many recorded lynchings throughout the south and yet more continued. One man by the name of Sam Hose was lynched in Palmetto, Georgia for openly admitting to killing his employer over an argument on his wages. Hose was slowly burned to death after having his fingers, toes and tongue amputated. â€Å"Public interest was so aroused that special excursion trains were scheduled to carry curious spectators from Atlanta.† (269) another black man named Henry Lowery was also burned to death for shooting and killing his employer and the employer’s daughter due to an argument over wages he owed him. Clarke cites a reporter from the Memphis Press whom had attended the event and said that, â€Å"more than 500 persons stood by and looked on while the negro was slowly burned to a crisp.† (270) these were among the many lynchings that occurred throughout this era. Clarke also cites Raper’s The Tragedy of Lynching as he researches the lynchings of the 1930’s and concludes that, â€Å"lynching was an angry response to difficult economic circumstances that produced frustration and aggravated competition between black and white labourers.† (272) Other theories consisted of whites feeling threatened by blacks and used aggression to defend themselves, but of course these are only theories and there still aren’t consistent explanations for these actions. After the restoration of stats’ rights in 1877 the violence only got worse and the Ku Klux Klan hoods were exchanged for police uniforms, making it a lot easier to seem threatening. Those in fear now were the black males born after emancipations. â€Å"These black youngsters approached manhood treated as predators, beasts no white man needed a license to hunt.† Explains Clark (278) This article gave me great understanding of what the violence in the south between whites and blacks was really like. What really caught my attention were the burning of the black men and how white people would actually find curiosity out of someone else’s misery. The indifference of the law was also a main concern, since it is clear that the majority ruled. Also, knowing now that there is no biological difference between races makes me wonder if things would have been differently if the people had known that earlier.

Should The Internet Be Regulated Media Essay

Should The Internet Be Regulated Media Essay Internet censorship has become a hot topic to discuss at various levels in the government as well as within private entities and individuals. This is the taking control of what can be accessed viewed or published through the net (Zuchora, 5). It has been argued as to who should be mandated with the responsibility of internet control. This may be approved by the government or private organizations. There may be also self censorship by individuals and private organizations for their own advantage such as morals, religious and business reasons. However much has been said that the government should take control of the information sent and received through the internet. Some of the motives why the government is prepared to take control are to conform to society norms, control intimidation among people and also spread of fear among people in any country (Zuchora, 5). According to Obama, the US president he said, we are going to promote new and better tools of communication so as people can be empowered and be free to connect with other people in the society and thus with security. The government is going to support a free and also open internet so that people have needed information to help them in making decisions. It is also time to embrace the power of internet and its impact to our community. Internet has been known to improve peoples communication as well as reduce the distance barrier among two communicating people. It has been known to impact every aspect of our lives from the way we are taught in school to the way we get news and even how we find and maintain friends. Internet has led to the invention of internet based system. The internet based systems are literally used in most businesses now. They have improved efficiency and effectiveness especially in the delivery of goods and services (Bidgoli, 25). Internet also improved the storage of data, we no longer have to use files as a way of storing data. This reduced the manual filing systems which was slow and insecure. This ultimately reduced the service time especially in hospitals, banks and all service industries. Over time, there have been differing opinions on the topic internet censorship. Arguments have been made both for and against the need for the government to censor the information flowing through the internet. The degree of censorship varies from one country to the other. Some may have highly strict internet censorship such as the Arabic countries i.e. Iran. On the other hand, other countries may have extremely little internet censorship such as USA. However, the government should not limit the extent and magnitude of access to the internet in any country. This is because through the internet people have been benefiting from it such as getting news, advertising in case of businesses. There are numerous benefits associated with the use of internet in the community. This explains why I am against the issue of government censoring the internet (Zuchora, 7). A good illustration is the case of Iran, there was a plan by the Iranian to switch the internet in the county into a domestic netwo rk that was supposed to improve security. The officials in charge argued about improving deliberate cyber attacks, but the Iranians took it as an initiative to filter information online. One of the main obstacles experienced in the community when government censors the internet is the denial of the freedom of speech to the people. Internet use has increased over the last decade. The internet is believed to contain all types of information one may require. Fear of chaos should not be used as the bases to deny people (internet users) the right to express themselves and their feeling. Hence it should not be used for unwarranted censorship of the speech. The supporters of censorship argue that they are protecting the society from abuse such as sexual materials and hate being spread over the internet. However, there have been no well laid bases to determine what is bad to the people. People should be allowed to express their views on any topic in the community. Through the internet, business entities have been able to market their products both locally and internationally. Moreover, due to the changing world where by, news is being broadcasted through the internet for qui ck access by the people, censorship might deny the right of people to know and contribute to the national matters (Marsden, 164). The internet users should be left with consent to conclude what is right and wrong for them. With Internet censorship, freedom of speech through the internet continues to be threatened. The government therefore has no mandate or right to censor speech on the internet as it cannot force the adults to hear what is good for children. Freedom of expression is a vital component in any successful community. Internet has provided one of the most effective and visible ways that the ordinary people make their opinions heard. For example, when the US government was planning about Iraq war, it is the bloggers who questioned the action and not the renowned media. This gave chance for anti war opponents to organize. If the government was to regulate the internet, the American people for example would lose an important toll to exercise their freedom of expression (Bidgoli, 264). In addition to freedom of speech, internet responsibility should be left on the hands of the parent. One of the main talking points is how much the children should access thought the internet. However, government censorship would hinder the access of information to the adult. The parents should be the one in control of what the childrens access or send through the internet. This would help control what the kids can access. Control of internet usage by the kids should be left within the parents hands as well as school administration. The two people are the ones who are direct contact with the children, and it will be much effective for them to control what kids accesses on the internet. It will be much effective for parents to be responsible for the internet among their children than the government taking control (Caso, 46). Finally, control of internet usage denies privacy to the citizens. Through the censorship, government may use the internet to deny privacy. New technology tools are developed now and then and may be used by the government to deny human right as well as deny peoples privacy. When it comes to monitoring the information sent and received the government interferes with peoples privacy and may end up victimizing. People should be allowed to have their privacy to access what they want through the internet. Through the surveillance of the internet, the movement threatens free flow of information and hence violating peoples privacy. However, despite the right to access information to the people, censorship is also needed to reduce the rate of moral degradation of the children. As far as the parents are concerned, they might not be able to monitor their children all the time; hence they access wrong information from the internet. On the other hand, internet can be used to fuel crashes between communities or countries hence it should be monitored to what extent does people use the internet. A lot of malicious actions can be done through the net and despite the freedom to information control is needed for the wrong intentions of people. Conclusion From the above discussed points on the internet usage among people, it is clear that the government should cease from censoring what is sent and received by people through the internet. This is because the internet including other communication technologies has formed unprecedented ways and opportunities to share information between people. The internet has also been of great benefit through the opening of paths for pro-democracy groups, journalist and individuals in all parts of the world whereby they have been able to hold government accountable for their actions. While it is true some people misuse the internet by committing crimes, it should not be taken as the reason to regulate the entire medium. The already existing laws are adequate to preserve law and order in the communities. Much has been discussed the topic, and it leaves to the decision of the internet users to argue for or against the topic. However I take the stand that the government should not be involved in censoring the internet.

Marketing Strategies for Attraction

Marketing Strategies for Attraction Theme parks Theme park is a term, which is used for describing a combination of rides and many other attractions for entertainment. These are assembled for providing entertainment for a large group of people. They are bigger than some other city playgrounds or parks. They are organized for not only attracting children but also to attract adults, teenagers and even old people. These are generally built on the basis of one or more themes. The most common example of theme parks is the Atlantis and the American West. Quite often, the theme parks contain many sections. Each of these sections tells some different story. All the rides in a theme park generally go along the main theme of the park. The common example of it is the Walt Disney Worlds Magic Kingdom (Adams, 1991). Casinos Casinos are special buildings or vicinities meant for all sorts of entertainment like meetings, public amusements, dancing, etc. These also offer hotels, food beverages for its national and international customers. These casinos also offer the gambling tables or devices. These are recognized as business establishments whose prime business is gambling. After the governments of various countries lifted the ban from gambling, the establishments like casinos came into existence. The largest casinos of the world are situated in the city of Las Vegas. The primary aim of the public visiting these places is gaming and enjoying. In recent years, the structure and organization of the casinos have witnessed broad changes. The establishments have broadened their market segmentation. They are now designed to cater the entertainment needs of the whole family. Differences in the Marketing Attraction Strategies of the Theme parks and the Casinos The theme parks and the casinos are both meant for the enjoyment and entertainment of the public at large. The difference, which makes it compulsory for marketers to advertise it differently, is the segment and the type of customers it is intended to attract. The theme parks aim at attracting both the dependent and the independent people, who want to enjoy their lives while the casinos aim at attracting those persons who are independent and can take the decision on their own and are interested in gaming apart from enjoying the entertainment. The theme park usually markets and focuses its products towards the whole family. It particularly focuses on the adults, teenagers and children below the age of 21. In order to attract this segment of customers, the marketers place their advertisements in the places and articles widely used by the children, adults and the teenagers i.e. in the children magazines, on the rappers of the toys, on cartoon and music channels, etc. On the other hand, the casinos, for attracting its prospective customers, place the advertisements on the business journals, tourism websites, hotels, etc. For example, we can see the advertisements of the Disney theme park on the Cartoon Network but it is not possible for us to see the promotion campaigns of the casinos on these kinds of channels. On the other hand, we can notice the promotion campaigns of famous casinos on various gaming websites and business journals but these places do not register the promotion campaigns of the theme parks like that of Disn ey. The theme park is often positioned as a tourist destination for the whole family by both the management of the theme park and the governments of the countries. These are also the preferred destinations for the international and the national tourists. On the other hand, the casinos may or may not be regarded as a tourist destination by the government of any country. They may be developed and advertised by the businessmen at the places where tourists visit frequently. In this case, a casino will attract only that segment of customers, which is interested in gaming; no matter what other kind of family entertainment has been provided by the casino. For example, the Walt Disney Worlds Magic Kingdom has been projected as a tourist destination by the government of the USA. It is positioned as an entertainment destination not only for the children but also for the other sections of the society, while the city of Las Vegas has been positioned as an entertainment destination for the adults and the visitors above the age of 21. As a part of the promotional campaign to attract the maximum number of visitors, the theme parks resort to sponsoring of the events and the products, which are related to its target market. For example, the Disney sponsors the products of Nestle and tries to enhance the know-how of the customers regarding its existence, while the casinos try to expand their business by sponsoring the events like car races and various other games. For example, the UK based online poker and casino group, 32 Red Plc had entered into an agreement to sponsor the soccer team Aston Villa. This is the UKs one of the leading soccer team. This deal had helped the company to further build its brand through publicity on television as well as through the national press of Britain all around the world. The casinos, in order to attract and expand the existing as well as new customers, offer the promotions and reward cards. This not only helps them to attract and maintain the customers but also give word of mouth publicity to the establishment. While, the Theme Parks not only offer promotions and reward cards but also the ticket, package and resort discount coupons to the customers. For example, the Disney offers such rewards, tickets, resorts and package coupons to its customers. In order to attract more visitors and reach their target markets, the theme parks, advertise and promote their vicinities and products by placing their advertisements on a large number of media like television, video, the Internet, radio, print, brochures and collateral, billboards and cinema. Not even the smallest means of media has been left by the theme parks for attracting people from all walks of life. On the other hand, the casinos target only certain section of the society, i.e. the people who have the capacity to pay and game huge sum of money in various entertainment and gaming sections of their casinos. Therefore, they do not use all the means of Media for promotion. In very rare cases only, one can see the promotion of casinos on the billboards and brochures. For example, the WetnWild Water World places its advertisement on all means of the media including television, video, the Internet, radio, print, brochures and collateral, billboards and cinema, in order to attract mo re visitors (Marketing Strategy of WetnWild Water World, 2008), while most of the casinos in the US, apart from placing their advertisements in business magazines, take the help of the Casino Media Group for their global advertising needs. The marketing strategies of the theme parks are liable to changes all round the year. These strategies keep on changing with the occurrence of different events, vacations and festivals in different parts of the year; it is also possible that many theme parks change their strategies for different weeks of the month. For example, the marketing strategy of WetnWild has been different all through the years (Marketing Strategy of WetnWild Water World, 2008). On the other hand, it is not possible for the casino owners to change their marketing strategies as frequently as the theme park owners do. They do change their advertisement and other promotional campaigns during the year but a change in their strategy is restricted to only some of the festive events. It is also a common practice of the theme parks to appoint some brand ambassadors to their brand and promote them with their help, thus attracting a larger proportion of visitors from all round the world. For example, the Mickey Mouse is regarded as the brand ambassador of the Disney. On the other hand, generally, in the case of casino industry this practice of appointing a brand ambassador and then promoting their brand through them is not a common practice. They advertise with the help of their offerings and special features of their casinos (Effective Casino Marketing Makes All the Difference). Thus, from the above discussed points, it is clear that though both the theme parks and the casinos cater the entertainment needs, yet their market segmentation is different. Essay 2 Zoos and aquariums have been used as contact points for humans and the creatures existing in the nature. In general, zoos and aquariums are facilities where animals are restricted within a certain geographical area. These facilities are open to the public for viewing the creatures, both terrestrial as well as aquatic in an artificial habitat. At the same time, they also provide ideal conditions for the breeding and mating of animals. The experts working in these facilities have a variety of goals that includes bio-diversity conservation as well as public education. Among the premier objectives of these facilities, research, education, conservation and rehabilitation efforts are prominent. However, issues have been constantly raised against these facilities due to differences observed in their assertions and their actual implementation. On the other hand, it is observed that while some of these facilities are serious in the direction of protecting these creatures while others breed them specifically for the motive of displaying them to the visitors. Both these facilities have to deal with a huge variety of issues during their operations. In fact, these issues are common with all similar kind of facilities in various parts of the world. Among the major operating issues which zoos aquariums need to pay significant attention are: Public Safety Animal Safety Breeding and Conservation Activities Public Safety The issue of public safety is constantly gaining high priority for facilities like zoos and aquariums. In fact, it is a very crucial issue which needs to be addressed by the management and authorities of such facilities, in an effective manner. Generally, people, especially smaller ones tend to disassociate with each other while visiting these facilities. In order to address this problem, these facilities need to recruit a properly trained group of employees capable of taking care of young individuals. These facilities should be well acquainted with first-aid stations and walk-in clinics, in case any of the visitors gets injured or experiences a minor health problem. The management should ensure that adequate safety-arrangements are made for the visitors not only from the animals but from other dangers as well such as those related to fire and electricity in aquariums, particularly (Olney, Mace, Feistner, 1993). In addition, any kind of buildings, structures and other areas constructed within the premises of zoos and aquariums should be strictly maintained in safe condition. Moreover, the public visiting these facilities should not be allowed to enter any areas which could cause an unexpected risk to their safety. At the same time, the authorities managing these facilities should ensure that the pavements and walking lanes for the public visiting these facilities should be well maintained and properly taken care off, in order to avoid any kind of injuries. On the other hand, clearly visible warning-signals must be installed at appropriate places in aquariums zoos to minimize potential dangers. In the case of traditional theme parks, these problems were handled in a slightly different manner. For instance, tags are provided to the children, in case they disassociate with their parents. They also maintain proper arrangements of water in order to avoid any kind of accidents. The authorities also provide written instructions to the visitors prior to entering the park. The management should also hire professionals and some emergency services through which the management would be able to handle the critical situation and accidental cases in the zoos and aquariums. Animal Safety In Zoos, there are certain animal concerned service personnel, who are known as keepers. They make the diets of the animals and wipe off the areas in which animals are placed and at times nurture the young ones. They look for any kind of disease or damage caused to the animals. In addition to this, they also observe feeding pattern or any kind of alteration in the activities of the animals. Keepers also confirm that the people who come to visit the zoos should act responsibly to the animals. Keepers have to look after a large group of animals including Birds, Reptiles or mammals (Animal Care and Service Workers, 2008). In the aquarium, certain rules and regulations are exposed to the people visiting there to ensure animal safety including: Prohibition of tumbling of objects including coins, memento, garbage, etc. into the pools. Cleaning of hands is restricted prior or after feeding the animals Human refreshments are not allowed to be given to the animals. Feeding the animals with fish that have been dropped on the ground. Picking out of the brood from water for a better look of the animals. Restricting the people from touching the eyes and blowholes of the animals. A traditional animal theme park originated from the pleasure gardens that focused on entertainment of the public. Little importance was given to the safety of animals. They have now converted into amusement parks. Many groups like People for the ethical treatment of the animals (PETA) and Human Society of United States (HSUS) are devoted to the animal safety and they are quite significant for the animal safety in the theme parks. Breeding and Conservation Activities The zoos and aquariums bear a compulsion of making a straight contribution to conservation of the animals and aspire to become more effective in the process of conservation internationally. The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) have prepared World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy (WZACS). It is an appropriate manuscript that brings ex situ organizations in the stream of conservation of biodiversity and continued development. Their strategy offers a widespread idea for the zoos and aquariums all over the world and describes the standards and policies to attain the conservation goals (Building a Future for Wildlife, 2008). A direct action for enhanced habitats and increase in the number of target species, or indirect action like education, taking up of financial help and research to direct policy and practice can serve the purpose of conservation of the animals. Conservation of animal populations in zoos is carried out with the help of breeding and reintroduction. Zoos Aquarium help in setting up suitable social entities for good breeding and rearing, looking for the behavioral requirements and preparing the diet. Incorporating these features of husbandry, putting in practice the training programs along with making them acquaint to the environment and conducting research would enhance breeding and reintroduction process. This would aid to the identification of the suitable animals that need reintroduction in the wildlife (Building a Future for Wildlife, 2008).Traditional theme parks lack the proper researches on the breeding and reintroduction aspects of the conservation, which are important for the conservation of the animals. References Adams, J. A. (1991). The American Amusement Park Industry: A History of Technology and Thrills. Boston: Twayne Publishers. Animal Care and Service Workers, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2008, from http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos168.htm Building a Future for Wildlife, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2008, from http://www.waza.org/conservation/wzacs.php#chapter2 Effective Casino Marketing Makes All The Difference. Retrieved May 10, 2008, from http://www.noels-isulong-seoph.com/effective-casino-marketing-makes-all-the-difference/ Entertainment Animals Animal Theme Parks, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2008, from http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/2194/Entertainment-Animals-ANIMAL-THEME-PARKS.html Marketing Strategy of WetnWild Water World (2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008, from http://wetnwild.myfun.com.au/Schools/Project-Information/Marketing-Strategy.htm Olney, P.J., Mace, G. Feistner, A. (1993). Creative Conservation: Interactive management of wild and captive animals (Hardcover) (1st Edition). Springer Publishers.

Free Essays - Struggle for Self-Realization inTheir Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Struggle for Self-Realization in Their Eyes Were Watching God  Ã‚   Zora Neale Hurston, the author of Their Eyes Were Watching God uses Janie’s experiences to show her struggle for self-realization.   Hurston’s life is similar to Janie’s in how they are searching for love and self-realization.   During Hurston’s childhood (1890’s), her father gave much attention to her sister, and she was jealous of her; Janie also felt â€Å"unloved† by Nanny, her grandmother.   When Hurston was young, her family moved to Eatonville, Florida, where her dad became the mayor.   Her experience parallels Janie’s life, when she moved to Eatonville with Jody, her second husband.   Jody is much like Hurston’s father John that he is unaffectionate towards Janie, and gives her no freedom.   Hurston’s mother Lucy had encouraged her to continue reading and writing, despite her husband’s wishes.   When Zora was five years old (1896), the Supreme Court ruled that Separate but Equal was constituti onal, and seventy-seven lynchings took place; which disclosed that she would have to work extra hard in order to earn recognition as a writer.   At age eight, she announced that she wanted to be a poet; her mother was proud of her, but her father loathed her even more because of it.   In the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, Hurston shows Janie’s struggle for self-realization through love by all of Janie’s conquests.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From her search of love from:   the pear tree, Nanny, Logan, Jody, and Tea Cake, Janie finds herself.   The symbol of the pear tree relates to Janie’s coming of age, and makes Janie want to find marriage and to see the world.   Nanny was dissolving this image by making her marry Logan Killicks.   Janie was expecting to find love through her marriage with Logan, but instead discovered that marriage does not make love when Logan tries to force her to work.   Janie meets Jody one day on Logan’s farm, and she believes that he will show her the world, and love, so she marries him, and leaves Logan.   She soon discovers that all he wants to be is a big voice, and has only married her for his image.   After Jody dies, Janie meets Tea Cake at her store; and, although he does not have a lot of money, she truly believes that he loves her, and will fulfill her life-long search for happiness.   Tea Cake ends up being her true love, and she is happy with him, no matter where they are, or how rich they are.

Alzheimers Disease Essay example -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimer's Disease On the first day of class, it was proposed that "Brain=Behavior," implying that not only all actions and emotions can be explained by neuronal activity, but also the very sense of self which is so important to many of us. This latter implication was met with considerable resistance. Surely there must be more to an individual's personality and Self than a bunch of patterns of activity across neurons. Through the research I have done for this paper, I have discovered that disorders such as Alzheimer's disease add a new twist to the debate surrounding the origin of the Self. My purpose here is to provide an overview of Alzheimer's disease, including its neurobiological basis, the differences between early and late onset, and some of the possible causes, and then to readdress the question of whether the Self can be traced to the Brain in light of this information. Over the last few decades, Alzheimer's disease has come to be recognized as the most common form of dementia among the world's older population, affecting an estimated 4 million people in the United States alone (1, 2). It is characterized by progressive loss of memory, language and reasoning skills, and other cognitive functions, as well as changes in personality, such as increased aggressiveness (1, 2). No definite cause has been discovered, and it is as yet without a cure; however, much progress has been and continues to be made, and many scientists believe that a cure will eventually be developed. Although the causes are unknown, research has shown that the disease begins in the entorhinal cortex and spreads first to the hippocampus and then proceeds to other parts of the brain, particularly the cerebral cortex. Since these two regions are ... ...comprehensive summary of current research regarding the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer's, including care. In addition to this wealth of information, the site has excellent graphical representations accessible by links throughout the text, as well as a glossary of technical terms at the end. 2. http://hcs.harvard.edu:80/~husn/BRAIN/vol3/b96txt.html#EarlyandLate: Early and Late Onset as Subdivisions of Alzheimer's Disease, an article by Elizabeth Kensinger published in the online journal, The Harvard BRAIN. Explores and explains research to date regarding these two different forms of Alzheimer's disease, covering the "symptomatic, biological, genetic, neurophysiological and neurological characteristics" of both early and late onset subtypes. Then proceeds to draw conclusions from this data, regarding future approaches to diagnosis and treatment.

Economics of Organizations Essay

Introduction Coca-Cola is one of the world largest beverage companies in the world. The company offers its consumers with more than 500 sparkling and still brands.   The company is best known for its flagship invention of the product coca-cola which was invented in the in 1886 John stitch Pemberton. The management of the company has committed efforts toward ensuring that the company continues to offer quality products to its consumers. The company has managed to grow and expand where it now operates in over 200 countries worldwide with a customer base of approximately 1.7 billion. In this case the coca cola company mainly produces the syrup concentrate, which is later sold to the various bottlers company worldwide. The company has engaged into many corporate social responsibility projects globally (CSR).   The CSR projects are economically important to the company as they improve business relation between the management and the stakeholders.   The company has established numerous globalization policies which are in line with the company mission to refresh the world both in the body and in the spirit. In addition, the management of the company aims at ensuring that the company create value and make a difference everywhere they engage.   Most importantly, the company also aims at ensuring that they introduce brand that help to satisfy the needs of all people. The company has been one of the most prominent companies in the beverage industry worldwide. Corporate Social Responsibility Coca-Cola operates in more than 200 countries globally.   Ultimately, there is need for the company to engage in many activities which have economic benefit to the communities around their business. Ultimately, organizations are expected to observe economic components that are they should conduct their business in such a way that they are consistent maximizing earnings per share (Asongu 84). Coca-cola is not unexceptional, hence the company should determine perfectly how they conduct their business so that to remain in the competitive edge hence maximizing the amount of profits they make.   It is economically important to for companies in this sector should ensure that they maintain strong but health competitions for a common objective of the shareholders.   Evidently, the only possible means to maintain a healthy relationship with the stakeholders is by engaging them through corporate social responsibilities projects (Asongu 84).   In addition the company should be defined by its consistent profitability of its total output productivity. The objectives behind the coca-cola company engaging in Corporate Social Responsibility activities it to guarantee sustainability.   Basically, the company bases it operations on the business ethics such as initiating development projects, contribution to training, facilitating economic growth among others (In Idowu 201).   It is evident that is if a company is economically stable it offers many benefits to the shareholders and the larger country in general. For instance, if a company is economically stable it will employ people and it will greatly contribute towards building a stronger economical country.   Coca-cola Company is always keen to ensure it has followed the due process and theories concerning how it operates corporate social responsibility projects or activities. Ultimately, Social responsibility has four dimensions that the company should be socially responsible. These include, legal, economic, voluntary and ethical.   Coca-cola Company is more focused to create profits but should aims to ensure the wellbeing of the society at the same time ensuring the set laws and regulations by the legal systems. Voluntary responsibilities for a company entail the ability of companies to initiate programs and other activities that aims to ensure wellbeing of the surrounding community. In business context, companies which ensure ethics and social responsibility in all levels of their operations are likely to have better outcomes than those which do not ensure social responsibility and ethics. For many years now, coca-cola company has followed and maintained the basic economic rules governing the manner at which Corporate Social Responsibility is carried out.   Many of its activities and programs are long term which has the aim to affirm the sustainability of the company (Idowu & Leal 46).   Basically, the company has established many measures which ensure they are in line with the rules and model. Analysis of the company organizational structure and its modus operandi it is evident that the company has managed to achieve their objectives. This is because the despite the fact that the company is organized into several regions the top management has implemented control measure of ensuring that the company in all the regional groups produce the same brands. According to the report released in 2008 there is an indication that the company is performing stunningly in the corporate responsibility sector.   The most areas which the company performs perfectly are issues concerning water issues carbon dioxide emission and product packaging. Corporate responsibility or sustainability is the key factors for companies to achieve good productivity (Idowu & Leal 46).   Good ethics and social performance go hand in hand in ensuring that the company achieves good performance.   The fact that the company engages in many social corporate responsibility activity helps the company to enhance its brand image and reputation. Evidently, customers habitually are attracted to brands and companies having good reputations in corporate responsibility areas. The tables below show the performance of coca-cola in relation corporate social responsibility activities. In this context, the company uses appropriate social accounting procedures which help the company to handle properly all matters concerning accountability.   The company uses annual audits from credible firms and inspections to ensure success of these programs.   For instance the statistics indicates a positive growth in the green house project footprint. Ultimately, this project has many economic advantages to the people and world in general (Asongu 86). Reduction of green house gases helps to eliminate harmful gases which are the major threats to the economy of all countries in the world. As a matter of fact, Coca Cola Company appears to have good strategies which guarantee long term CSR programs irrespective of the mother country. Conclusion From the above discussion it is evident that, Coca-Cola operates in more than 200 countries globally.   Ultimately, there is need for the company to engage in many activities which have economic benefit to the communities around their business. The fact that the organization more than 500 sparkling and still brands gives it a better chance to engage in many activities which tend to benefit the society where they operate in.   These projects are economically important to both society in general and the company.   Basically, voluntary responsibilities for a company entail the ability of companies to initiate programs and other activities that aims to ensure wellbeing of the surrounding community. In business context, companies which ensure ethics and social responsibility in all levels of their operations are likely to have better outcomes than those which do not ensure social responsibility and ethics References Asongu, J.J. Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility in Practice. Lawrenceville, GA:   Ã‚   Greenview   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publishing, 2007. Print. Idowu, Samuel O, and Filho W. Leal. Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Berlin: Springer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Berlin, 2008. Print. Idowu, Samuel O. Professionals Perspectives of Corporate Social Responsibility. , 2009. Print.

In Milton’s paradise lost Essay

Aristotle’s tragic hero has certain characteristics which can be applied to Oedipus the King and Milton’s Satan. Aristotle states that a tragic hero can be classified as a person that falls from the state of being happy to one of misery because of his own mistake. This can be seen in both Oedipus and Satan, since they are miserable as a result of their own doing. According to Aristotle, the tragic hero must fall through his or her own error, or hamartia. This term is also interpreted as â€Å"tragic flaw†, usually applied to overwhelming pride, or hubris, which causes fatal error. Satan and Oedipus show that they have hubris and this is probably one of the main contributing factors for their fall. Although, the main characteristic of the tragic hero, as stated by Aristotle, is their ability to make the reader or audience to empathize with them, he wants there to be a sense of fear and mistrust because of their devious nature. In Milton’s Paradise Lost, Satan, one of the main characters in the story, exhibits all the qualities of a tragic hero. He has fallen, literally and figuratively, from grace. Once one of God’s more powerful angels in heaven, Satan questions God’s power and forms an alliance to overthrow Him. Satan’s army fights diligently only to have God â€Å"†¦ cast him out from Heaven, With all his host of rebel angels†¦ † (Paradise Lost, Book1, Line 37). Book One of Paradise Lost describes Satan being cast out of Heaven and down to Hell. This is consistent with Aristotle’s criteria for the tragic hero, â€Å"†¦ suffering a change in fortune from happiness to misery because of a mistaken act†¦ † Satan also possesses hubris; pride or overwhelming self-confidence. â€Å"Here we may reign secure, and in my choice; To reign is to worth ambition, though in Hell; Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven. † (line 261) Here, Satan has so much pride that he would rather rule in Hell than serve God in Heaven. This shows that Satan possesses hubris, which is, as described by Aristotle, â€Å"†¦ pride or overwhelming self-confidence†. Satan’s character as a tragic hero emerges further in later books. Book Four of Paradise Lost is a good example. It begins with Satan’s only soliloquy of the epic. As he awakes in Hell, he stares up at the sun and begins to speak; â€Å"Oh Sun! to tell thee how I hate thy beams, That bring to my remembrance from what state I fell, how glorious once above thy sphere; Till pride and worse ambition threw me down† (Book IV, line 37-40) As he sees the sun, he remembers how high he was in heaven until his pride and ambition brought him down. This is a very important quote as it satisfies the criteria for Aristotle’s description of a tragic hero. It highlights the character â€Å"suffering a change in fortune†¦ because of a mistaken act†¦ † Also, hubris is once again revealed as Satan states that his pride and ambition threw him down. This example is even more profound because it comes directly from the character. Milton is also successful in portraying this super-human character as one with humanistic qualities. This allows the reader to relate to the character, which satisfies yet another criteria for Aristotle’s tragic hero, â€Å"†¦ we recognize similar possibilities of error in our less and fallible selves. † Satan’s human qualities are magnified in his soliloquy as he even contemplates begging for forgiveness. â€Å"Is there no place left for repentance, none for pardon left? † (Book IV, Line 79-80) As Satan contemplates repentance, he decides against it, as he is afraid of the shame that he might draw from his followers, â€Å"My dread of shame Among the Spirits beneath,Whom I seduced with other promises Boasting I could subdue The Omnipotent†. (Line 83-86) Since he has boasted that he can defeat God, Satan now shows fear and doubt as he realises that he really cannot fulfill his promises. Milton reveals a different side to Satan. He depicts a character that shows remorse and shame, and, someone who fears disgrace. The common person can identify with these human characteristics; this allows the reader to evoke some amount of sympathy for Satan as they now see him in a helpless situation; fighting a losing battle for fear of disgracing his followers. This emphasizes Aristotle’s description of recognising â€Å"†¦ similar possibilities of error in our less and fallible selves. † In Oedipus the King, Oedipus is the tragic hero and fits Aristotle’s description almost exactly. Aristotle states that a character should reveal goodness in terms of moral judgment and choices that he makes. Oedipus has compassion for his subjects and seeks the truth to end their suffering, and, continuously strives to be a saviour to the people. When the priests of Thebes approach Oedipus, who is pleading on the behalf of his people who are suffering from famine and death, he agrees. He says that he will do what he can to solve the situation, â€Å"bring everything to light†. Although Oedipus does have some admirable qualities, being the tragic hero, he too possesses hubris. Oedipus’s tragic flaw is that he is stubborn, impulsive, and pretentious. When Oedipus does a self evaluation his talents, beauty, and his own achievements blind him. These traits are similar to Satan who also has hubris, a flaw that leads to his defeat. Another reason for Oedipus’ brutal demise is his lack of judgment and impulsive actions. These attributes are humanistic qualities that the reader can relate to, yet still question. When he leaves Corinth, he meets an entourage on the way to Thebes. There, the ‘leader’ of the horse-drawn carriage orders him ‘out of the way’. Oedipus’ impulsiveness drives him to kill everyone in the entourage; this leads to him being crowned King, where he ultimately suffers. It can be argued that both Oedipus and Satan are tragic heroes according to Aristotle’s definition. However, a question arises; were Oedipus and Satan acting on their own free will or were they destined to do so. According to Christian theology, it is said that God foresees everything that will happen in life. This leads many to speculate that Satan suffers, not because he chooses to, but because he is chosen to. This is another reason why the reader can empathize with Satan because God knows of his betrayal. The same can be said for Oedipus, who has no free will; it is under the control of the Gods. When he is born, Apollo’s oracle predicts that Oedipus will kill his father and marry his mother. This foretelling leads Oedipus’ parents to abandon him on the mountain-side and leave him to die. However, fate intervenes and Oedipus soon finds himself adopted by the King and Queen of Corinth. When he finds out that the King and Queen are not his natural parents, Oedipus leaves Corinth, solves the Sphinx’s riddle, and becomes the successor of King Laius as the King of Thebes. When the gods could ‘no longer brok in silence the affront of Oedipus’s unwitting sins’, they punish the city by sending plague and famine upon the city. When approached by the priests, Oedipus could only promise them his help, which starts the chain of events, eventually leading him to discover his sins and his subsequent downfall. When Oedipus solves the riddle of the Sphinx, he could not have known that he would end up marrying his own mother. When Oedipus meets King Laius, he is unaware as to who killed his father. Eventually, he sets out to find the truth, as the oracle prophesizes. He does the best he could as a ruler, son and husband but is still played out in the end. Therefore, Oedipus is seen as a tragic hero and is comparable to Satan who also has no freewill. The fate or God knew that the actions were going to occur and had the power to stop it. Satan and Oedipus are tragic heroes according to Aristotle. They have characteristics that make them suite their role as a tragic hero. Aristotle said that tragic heroes should suffer a fall of fortune through a mistake of their own. Both Satan and Oedipus suffer this fate. Aristotle also states that a tragic hero will is led by hamartia which is hubris. â€Å"Till pride and worse ambition threw me down† (Milton) this line was spoken by Satan who openly admits that he is proud and ambitious. â€Å"Twit me with that wherein my greatness lies† Milton, John. Paradise Lost Sophocles. Oedipus The King http://www. planetpapers. com/Assets/3330. php.

Anchoring Effect Essay

Introduction In real life, decisions made by individual are easily deviated from the judging criteria, showing the behaviors of bounded rationality. Simon indicated that â€Å"the bounded rationality is a property of an agent or a person who makes decisions that behaves in a manner that is nearly optimal with respect to its goals and resources. (Franco 2009) This is because of, firstly human being have limited discernment and cognitive ability, also human are unable to know everything; secondly the environment is complex, when people face the complicated and uncertainty would, information is not complete due to vast uncertainty choice. Moreover, the rationality cannot play a role because of people are likely influenced by different situations. The report would analyze three concepts which are mental accounting, anchoring effect and conjunction fallacy to help to generate a better understanding of bounded rationality. Anchoring effect: Behavioral economics is on the strength of the science of judgmental heuristics that could be to depend on reflexively by people. According to Furnham that heuristics are characterized as an ‘intuitive, rapid, and automatic system’ which ‘reduce the complex tasks of assessing probabilities and predicting values to simpler judgmental operations’ (Furnham 2010)The anchoring effect is one of the cognitive heuristics. Anchoring effect is a bias which people easily rely on the information of first impression as reference frame when making decisions. The first piece of information or previous information, as an anchor, could affect current performance; that information might be not highly applicable to the information judgment or even irrelevant thought. Also personal attributes and characteristic which are more deemed to an anchor are fixed and constant. The other respondent is a salesman in a Sony store. Last week I went to city Sony store, a customer who looks like a student was looking for a brand new computer. Firstly one shop assistant briefly introduces different type and function of computers, the student expresses a strong purchase intention. Then the shop manager came and provide more detailed introduction of computer’s performance. Finally this student made her choice and started  bargaining. Stalemate in their time, the shop manager said he is going to report to their boss to find out whether she can get more discount. After few minutes he walked up and said that is the lowest price, what they can do is offer her some gifts. The student was very satisfied and made payment. At this point, the computer engineer came when started to install the computer, and told her whether  she needs a protection film to protect the screen, otherwise it is easy to scratch, also keyboard cover etc. The student felt make sense. At the end, she not only purchased computer, but also some accessories. This is typically anchoring effect. Customer would feel sensitive if the shop manager promotes those accessories before they purchase computer, they might increase bargaining power and would not easily pay. However after customer paid for computers, they are willing to accept accessories because they feel accessories is relatively cheap compare to the expensive computer, moreover they do need these accessories. In general, the numbers which initially provide would affect consumers’ answer. Experienced salesman always offer a higher price before bargaining, accordingly a higher anchor exists in people’ mind. Seller fetches higher price even that consumer try to bring the price down. There is another example, which is when a business launches a new product, they will carefully discuss the positioning promotion plan, such as which good shelf the products should be placed in. If a new drink is published and placed beside Coca Cola and Pepsi, consumer would accept its high p rice and visa versa. Anchoring effect is everywhere and inevitable. So how to avoid falling into anchoring effect can help consumer become a better financial planner. Firstly, putting forward an affordable price at the start when negotiation, with the purpose of offering an anchor to the seller. Besides buyer should notice that the loss of could not sell products is much more than the loss of a low price deal for seller. However refusing negotiate is a more wise than bargaining when face an unreasonable high price, it helps consumer to build a hopeful reference standard. Mental Accounting: Mental accounting was proposed by Behavioral Science Professor Richard Thaler, he believes, â€Å"mental accounting is the set of cognitive operations used by individuals and households to organize, evaluate, and keep track of financial activities.† (Thaler 1999)In other words, except financial accounting, there is another managerial accounting exist in people’s mind, which called mental accounting, to influence people to make decision in real life. Consumers usually divide any expenditure and income of equal value into different accounts. For example, we usually put salaries into ‘hard to get rich’ account, regard annual bonus as an added gift, and put a winning lottery into ‘pie-in-the-sky’ account. The money in the ‘hard to get rich’ account is expensed precisely and carefully; for annual bonus, we often have relaxed attitude to treat it, for example, we might go to shopping center to purchase an expensive dress as a gift which are reluctant to spend money to buy at ordinary times. The money in the ‘pie-in-the-sky’ account is the most valueless, imagine that people who win five million dollars would become openhanded and extravagant. This is how  mental accounting works. My friend went to a fashion store and took a fancy to a very beautiful dress, but it costs about $320. She thought it is too expensive and gave up finally. But in her birthday party, her husband bought that dress for the birthday gift. It makes her very happy. In fact, her money and her husband money are the family’s capital, but why she feels different with the same money spending according to different reasons. This study finds that the expenditure of mental accounting can be divided to four parts, which are daily necessities expenditures, home contribution expenditures and personal development expenditures, expenditures of emotional connection and recreational expenditures. According to irreplaceable of mental accounting, $320, as daily necessities expenditures, is too expensive to purchase a dress, however, the husband purchase it as a birthday gift which can be treated as expenditures of emotional connection. This amount of money can improve their relationship, so rewards are priceless. Consequently, people are willing to accept gifts  from their family or friends, but they will not purchase for themselves. According to above example, emotional connection and interpersonal relationship is significantly important for human beings, the investment of emotional for people is much more than other expenditures in everyday life. As a consequence, merchants could use these different festivals such as mother’s day, Christmas etc. to gain bigger sales. For example, a beautiful wrapped chocolate in Saint Valentine’s Day, coupons in Christmas, these special offers is negligible for merchants, but it can attract more consumers’ attention. In usual, most of us could be influenced by mental accounting; we have different attitudes to handle the equivalent value of money, hence different decision comes out. From the point of view of economics, there is no any difference among salary, bonus and lottery, but people make three different decisions when spending them. Conjunction fallacy: Tversky and Kahneman believe that the representativeness heuristic is a means of assessing the probability of an uncertain event or the value of a quantity by comparing it to a mental model (Berendsen 2012) Conjunction fallacy is one of the result that causes by representativeness heuristic, which states the declare that there are two independent events, the probability of both events will happen cannot be higher than the probability than one of the events alone will happen. I made 20 questionnaire surveys and handed into Finc6013 lecture. The question is that ‘the probability of healthy man who have heart disease is higher’ or ‘the probability of healthy men who are over 55 years old and have heart disease is higher’. There are 6 students chosen B and only 14 students chosen A. I was surprised that the result of this question is against the results of Linda problem. People think an event with more materials and details is more likely to happen. In fact it was not the case; every added detail makes things uncertainty. Two events can be happened  independent or conjunction, the probability of conjunction events happened cannot higher than the probability of any independent event occurs. However in reality, people sometimes linked probability and quantity together by mistake when making decision, they consider that there is a higher probability of conjunction events. According to the investigation result above, there are three reasonable defenses for conjunction fallacy. Firstly the representativeness heuristic is identified as the cognitive tools valid for evaluating subjective probabilities. The conjunction fallacy is attributed to the representativeness heuristic. It states that if the probability that the event is included in a classification is decided by how representative the event is of include in this classification. Consequently the conjunction fallacy proceed when the combination events is rated as more representative of the aimed classification than either the event alone. Conjunction fallacy can be occurred both in situation whether heuristic is applicable. Hence conjunction fallacy might have no any relationship with the heuristic. Secondly, there is an argument that informant misconception the investigative mission representatively used to study the phenomenon when investigator is doing survey. However it is undeniable that there is value for the investigation, for example some high quality levels of conjunction fallacies are surveyed, and misinterpretations are appropriately controlled in the survey. Thirdly informants are likely to use an incorrect rule to gibe rise to conjunction fallacy happen when associating the probability of single events. There are some experimental results shows those informants assume the probability of conjunctive events is equal to the weighted average of the probability of event alone. Therefore if the probability of even A is rated to be greater than the probability of event B, but lower than the probability of event C, informants might debate that the probability of conjunction event A and B is lower than the probability of event A, however meanwhile they consider the probability of conjunction event A and C is greater than the probability of A. This is regard as conjunction fallacy effect. The reason is informants use an incorrect rule for combining probability. Conjunction fallacy is increasingly questionable, it is common phenomenon though when people making decision in reality. On the basis of the  characteristics of perceptual selectivity, the characteristics of information are more distinct and stimulation is stronger, people are more sensitive to their perception. Moreover, situational circumstances can influence human’s perception. Because decision making is conducted on the basis of human’s perception, the general and specific information and situational circumstances play a significant role on people’s decision making behaviors. (Nilsson 2010) Conclusion: Although science and technology are advancing, and research measures of human being is always improving, to some extent, mental process stays at hypothetical stage up to now. This report discussed three decision making trap which are mental accounting, anchoring effect and conjunction fallacy. No matter which decision people try to make, it is important that they are supposed to search more information to choose the best alternatives, then they are able to gain experience through every decisions. Reference: Berendsen, A., Hadilich, S. and Amersfoort, J. 2012, Looking at â€Å"Linda†: Is the Conjunction Fallacy Really a Fallacy?, viewed 27 March 2014, Franco, R. 2009, ‘The conjunction fallacy and interference effects’, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 415-422, viewed 30 March 2014,ScienceDirect, Furnham, A. 2010, ‘A literature review of the anchoring effect’, The Journal of Socio-Economics, vol.